Stowe and Truth Essay -- essays research papers

The Negro of today is a failure, non because he meets insuperable difficulties in life, but because he is a Negro. His brain is not fitted for the high forms of mental effort his ideals, no matter how laboriously he is train and sheltered, remain hose of a clown. He is, in brief, a low-caste man, to the means sic born, and he will remain inert and inefficient until l generations of him have lived in civilization. And even then, the superior white race will be fifty generations a head of him.      Around the 1850s many whites perceived this statement to be true. Not only did they believe in it, but they also had science and the doctors piece of tail the science supporting this belief (Typically white males in the profession). Afri go off-Americans, as well as women were considered to be of lower intelligence, not able to perform in "higher forms of mental effort" and in the case of blacks "able to perform in a civilized manner". These two diff erent causes gradually found themselves concourse throughout history sharing one common cause, equal rights.     When many of us hear almost the civil rights movement we generally tend to hypothecate of the civil rights movement of the 1960s. With many well know leaders of the time, such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, Medgar Evers, many would study that the Civil Rights movement was at its peak. With all of the things that were passing play on during the time, and the fact that it was televised though the eyes of millions via television. Its No wonder The Civil rights movement of the 1960s is thought of as the peak and or beginning of the movement.     One could say that the civil rights movement started in 1680s, right at the beginning of sla actually. Part of the Civil Rights movement was slavery and or Anti-slavery. Before Blacks could be considered equal, they first had to be depicted as humans. This would prove to be no easy t ask. Slavery roughly started around 1619, thats when the first indentured servants arrived in Jamestown, and ended totally in the US around 1865 with the emancipation proclamation. There were many heroes in the battle against slavery that were both black and white. Around the 1800s slavery was more openly being expressed as being wrong. Many blacks started to speak against their master, some rebelled, som... ...ise to the entire human race? This is the most important document that our country was founded on, as the make-up is the supreme law of the land. When the Europeans came over to America they came here to escape persecution, but eventually manifested into the people they fled from. Europeans became the founding fathers of persecution in what was to become the USA.     Sojourner Truth and Harriet Beecher Stowe were two women who went about to change the unjust treatment, for not just women but for blacks as well. The relationship that Harriet Beecher Stow e and Sojourner Truth had was very uncommon at that time. Even the causes that they supported joining were very much uncommon but yet same. Sojourner Truth and Harriet Beecher Stowe set a purport in American society that is still present today. A trend that two causes could find alimentation with one another. Many may argue as to whether or not Sojourner Truth and Harriet Beecher Stowe started the merging of the two movements but it can be assumed that the two reflected the relationship of the two parties at the time.Cited in Charles E. Siberman, Crisis in black and White (New York Vintage, 1964), 108

Essay --

The basis of this paper examines the impacts of the social, political, and religious movements through a multi-layer study of the Dancing Plague in Strasbourg from the early 1200s through the early 1500s. By analyzing this historic, but rather odd dancing hysteria, these movements created severe forms of depression, stress, and anxiety that ultimately led to high levels of psychosis within the community. The period period studied includes the Bundschuh uprisings and peasantry gains to Strasbourg citizenship, the religious justifications for infirmitys and the emergence of powerful saints, and the severe hunger strikes which resulted from classs of failed crops and abnormal climate changes. This analysis uses several major sermons from Lutheran theologians much(prenominal) as Matthus Zell and Martin Bucer, eyewitness reports of those present in Strasbourg before, during, and after the Dancing Plague, and medical reports from Strasbourg physician, Johann Widmann. Likewise, this stu dy challenges the pre-Reformation argument that the Dancing Plague was a form of penalisation sent from God, but rather induced by biological and psychological means. The various Strasbourg movements challenged the inequalities and injustices of the Church towards the peasantry, which created severe and impossible living conditions for the peasantry. This in turn, resulted in about four hundred citizens dancing feverishly in the streets of Strasbourg in the summer of 1518. Located on the southeastern border of the Holy Roman Empire, Strasbourg, flourished as a major agricultural market and transportation center. The regions landscape provided equilibrium between the two most important natural resources grain and wine. The plains copiously provided the city wi... ...areas designated specifically within the city and were barred from wearing luxurious accessories. Likewise, gamblers were forced to entertain themselves with card and dice players in gambling dens. The crops for the f ollowing year improved dramatically, which reinforced the belief that the city was divinely rewarded for purifying the city. However, the excitement was short-lived as Europe became introduced to syphilis.The first acknowledged record of the reported disease was on February 22, 1495 during King Charles VIII invasion of Naples. Syphilis crept into Strasbourg through mercenary pike men, or Landsknechts, on return from the Italian wars and came in contact with Spanish troops who had sexual relations with prostitutes. In the spring of the same year the executive head of the city, or the Ammsister, reported of having a bad pox spiritual domain before in the city.

Hot 107.1- Interview With A Radio Personality :: essays research papers

When Im in a car riding down the street there is only unity radio station that I really enjoy, KXHT 107.1. The music they play is quite specific. They are a hip-hop and R&B station that plays mostly s eruptheast groups. Hip-hop is quite new to me having really only gotten into it in the early years of high school were as I liked rock since childhood. It was for this close and a few others that I decided to reference a personality from Hot 107 as they are nicknamed. Memphis is the first city that I have been to that has a station such as Hot 107 that plays only rap and R&B. Most other places will only have songs that are mainstream and then they are only played on the dance music stations. The other main reason I chose KXHT was its involvement on the campus at the University of Memphis.For my assignment I chose to interview one of the daytime radio personalities named Playboy. Playboy is actually a 25-year-old gentleman by the name of Tre Munson. For his current job, radio perso nality and promotion assistant, he goes on the road and DJs for special events both live and not. Most recently he and another disc jockey, Kid Fresh, hosted a step show in face of the UC at the University. He has done parties, concerts, charity events, and many other functions. Ab come out two weeks ago he also covered the after party for rule Man and Red Man, two nationally known rap music artists.Though he has only worked at the station for a few years he has already started on his way up the corporate later. When he originally came to the station he did so by the means of simply filling out a job application. He did not meet with success at his first couple of attempts. He actually had to go in and fill out quite a few and after that had to keep calling and pestering them until the finally offered him a job. Not the job he wanted, however, he was first precisely a support member for a street team. He felt that it was still a good way to get his foot in the threshold and he w ould be able to show the station he could do more for them elsewhere.After a few months of street team he was finally selected to conk a personality.

Trypanosoma cruzi :: Essays Papers

Trypanosoma cruzi Life HistoryTrypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of Chagas disease. It is most commonly found among people, dogs, cats, and wild mammals in Central and south America, especially in rural communities where people reside in houses constructed from mud or thatch. The vector is the reduviid or kissing bug, which lives in the cracks of buildings and substandard houses8. practically substandard housing/living conditions are shown to have these structural fractures, which provide suit able-bodied habitats for reduviid bugs. The reduviid bug transmits T. cruzi by rubbing its own pollute feces into an abrasion (wound or bug bite) or a mucous membrane of the host. Two other modes of infection are blood transfusions/organ transplants and perinatal/vertical transfer from mother to child3. In addition, there have been reports that infections originated from undercooked food that was contaminated8. The life cycle of T. cruzi The vector, reduviid bug , bites and defecates on host. Parasites, in the form of trypomastigotes, are able to enter the blood via mucous membranes or a cut. During cell invasion, the trypomastigotes transform into amastigotes and undergo multiplication. Parasites are then released into the blood stream as trypomastigotes where they either stretch to other tissues or are taken up by the vector to perpetuate the life cycle2. Chagas diseaseChagas disease exists in three heads acute, indeterminate, and chronic. 1. The acute stage manifests shortly after infection from a bite or alternate mode of transmission and is generally found in only 1% of inform cases8. Although it is often asymptomatic, symptoms can include Romaas sign (one swollen eye), fever, fatigue, enlarged liver/spleen, swollen lymph nodes, rash, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and vomiting. In adults, these symptoms generally diminish within 4-8 weeks and may or may not require treatment. Very young children are a concern because t hey may sustain severe maven damage or die as a result of infection8. 2. The indeterminate stage may also be asymptomatic. Onset of this stage is reported just about 8-10 weeks following infection and may persist for years.3. The chronic stage is the most severe and the most common manifestation of Chagas disease. Chronic Chagas disease usually presents itself 10-40 years after infection, in about 30% of infected individuals. On average, developing this class of Chagas

Julius Caesar Essay: Superstition in Julius Caesar :: Julius Caesar Essays

Julius Caesar  Superstition   In the play of Julius Caesar, we see a brief understand of Roman life during the time of the First Triumvirate. In this snap shot, we see many unfortunate things. Shakespeare gives us the idea that many people try to turn off what the future holds, such as unfortunate things, by being superstitious. Superstition seems to play a role in the basic daily life of close Roman citizens. The setting of the first scene is based upon superstition, the Feast of Lupercal. This feast is in honor of the god Pan, the queen of fertility. During this time, infertile females are supposed to be able to procreate, and fertile ones are supposed to be able to bear more. It is also a supposed time of sexual glorification and happiness. Other scenes make how through let on Rome, roaming the streets are mysterious sooth-sayers, who are supposedly given the power to predict the future. Dictating what is to come through terse tidbits, these people may also be looked upon as superstitious. In the opening scene, one sooth-sayer, old in his years, warns Caesar to Beware the Ides of  March, an admonition of Caesars impending death. Although sooth-sayers are looked upon by many as insane out of touch lower classmen, a good deal of them, obviously including the sayer Caesar encountered, are indeed right on the mark. Since they lack any formal office or shop, and they predict forthcomings without fee, one can see quite easily why citizens would distrust their predictions. Superstition, in general elements such as the Feast of Lupercal, as healthy as on a personal level such as with the sooth-sayers, is an important factor in determining the events and the outcome of Julius Caesar, a significant mightiness throughout the entire course of the play.       As the play develops we see a few of signs of Caesars tragic end. Aside from the sooth-sayers warning, we also see another sign during Caesars go through with the Augerers, the latter day psychics. They find No heart in the beast, which they interpret as advice to Caesar that he should remain at home. Ceasar brushes it off and thinks of it as a rebuke from the gods, meaning that he is a coward if he does not go out, and so he dismisses the wise advice as hearsay. However, the next morning, his wife Calphurnia wakes up panicked due to a horrible nightmare.

Julius Caesar Essay: Superstition in Julius Caesar :: Julius Caesar Essays

Julius Caesar  intolerance   In the play of Julius Caesar, we externalise a brief picture of Roman life during the time of the First Triumvirate. In this snap shot, we see many unfortunate things. Shakespe are gives us the idea that many people try to circumvent what the future holds, such as unfortunate things, by being superstitious. Superstition seems to play a role in the basic daily life of most Roman citizens. The setting of the first scene is based upon superstition, the Feast of Lupercal. This scatter is in honor of the god Pan, the queen of fertility. During this time, infertile females are supposed to be able to procreate, and fertile ones are supposed to be able to await more. It is also a supposed time of sexual glorification and happiness. Other scenes depict how throughout Rome, roaming the streets are mysterious sooth-sayers, who are supposedly given the spring to predict the future. Dictating what is to come through terse tidbits, these people may also be looked upon as superstitious. In the opening scene, one sooth-sayer, old in his years, warns Caesar to take care the Ides of  March, an admonition of Caesars impending death. Although sooth-sayers are looked upon by many as insane out of touch lower classmen, a good deal of them, obviously including the sayer Caesar encountered, are indeed right on the mark. Since they lack any formal office or shop, and they predict forthcomings without fee, one can see quite easily why citizens would distrust their predictions. Superstition, in general elements such as the Feast of Lupercal, as well as on a personal level such as with the sooth-sayers, is an important factor in determining the events and the outcome of Julius Caesar, a significant force throughout the entire course of the play.       As the play develops we see a few of signs of Caesars tragic end. Aside from the sooth-sayers warning, we also see another sign during Caesars visit with the Augerers, the latter day psychics. They find No heart in the beast, which they interpret as advice to Caesar that he should remain at home. Ceasar brushes it off and thinks of it as a rebuke from the gods, meaning that he is a coward if he does not go out, and so he dismisses the wise advice as hearsay. However, the next morning, his wife Calphurnia wakes up frightened due to a horrible nightmare.

Media Convergence Worksheet Essay

QuestionsAnswersWhat is meant by the term media satisfynce with regard to technology, and how has it affected everyday life? Since I have been going to schooldays I had never heard of the word convergence I first learned about this when I enrolled in my Humanity 176 course. Convergence by definition is the exchange of various digital media such as music, piano tuners, pictures. Convergence used in a technical sense is the exchange and sharing of digital media done computers and other mobile devices. Over the years Media has expanded and excelled across the world to bring the masses all sorts of media attention and the ability to be able to converge onto there devices allows an assortment of options such as Internet TV whether it is free or on demand, voice telephone options such as Skype and other unsubdivided internet services which include Facebook and Windows Live Messenger. I believe that our technology has an extreme affect on everyday life, most of us would non subsist how to function without it, including myself. What is meant by the term media convergence with regard to phone line, and how has it affected everyday life? Media convergence gives businesses an opportunity to sh are data regarding any topic inwardly and to others outside of the business like costumers with easy methods. This is really appropriate to meet consumers desires for instant and easily practicable and easy to acquire any information from any business. Media convergence regarding to business is used to offer media more professionally or efficiently and in an on demand way. In other language media convergence brings the opportunity to provide information to be acquired when a customer wants to and regarding any topic. Media convergences cons embrace less serviceable performance or fewer personnel to reach more people daily. Some elements are acquired from media devices or procedures in order to add on stipulate material.Thanks to directlys technology, people can receive i nformation regarding any services provided by any business or company. Through sources like the internet, customers can roam and purchase products through websites and other business providers. With this technology it makes it very easy for the customers to be able to find many different products for fair prices on what the business needs. Of course, business convergence also deals with far more than buying and selling from a store front. People are also able to set up their business through their own home via the internet. Business goes hand in hand with technology also, as they are able to advertise through television, radio and internet sites with their ads and commercials. Business convergence has become a big source in todays media, and will continue to grow with technology as they work together to provide people with better and easier ways to conduct business. What are some of the issues that result from attendency on modern media? Describe at least three issues.They are thi ngs like ethical Issues. We depend on the media to tell us that what we are doing is wrong while we still do what we fare is wrong. More and more people who depend on media and need the media is that much closer to being constantly influenced by the media. Our society depends on media and without it we would fall apart. We bleed to believe what the media says instead of formulating our own thoughts.With the media the way it is we tend to accept this as part of our lifestyle without question The public also has an insatiable curiosity to be everything, except what the world is really trying to tell us. Another topic of discussion is drugs. Everyday you see ads and commercials and people talking about not doing drugs and we depend on this to teach are kids but in reality we need to learn to teach our kids morals instead of constantly relying on the media.. Commercials that promote inebriant and drinking are abundant on television. While other media shows people doing drugs and get ting money from the sale of them.The media also tends to butt heads between other countries due to mis-information that was released over the media sites. Terroism comes in all forms when it comes to the internet. Some examples are identity theft, hacking into databases, creation of viruses and other deliberate means to destroy or harm personal objectives are all forms of cyber-terrorism. People seem to have an addiction to technology and cling to it as the world would end without it. Dependency of modern media has taken over and does not allow society tofunction thoroughly as it should. The issues it brings with it outweighs the benefits because its mostly used in negative ways instead for good. How does media literacy help with responsible media wasting disease? The literacy of the Media is out there to challenge people with the understanding the representation of the media, with how it influences our culture.Media is out there to give the students the ability to read and write and be more militant in our media culture. It uses an inquiry-based instructional mold that encourages people to ask questions about what they watch, see and read. Media literacy can also aim to enable people to be skillful creators and producers of media messages, both to facilitate an understanding as to the strengths and limitations of each medium, as well as to create independent media. By transforming the process of media consumption into an active and critical process, people gain greater awareness of the potential for misrepresentation and manipulation (especially through commercials and public relations techniques), and understand the role of mass media and participatory media in constructing views of reality. Protectionist approaches to media literacy underscore the need to be aware of the negative aspects of mass media and popular culture, including the dangers and risks of online social media.

Someone Who Has Had Influenced My in My Life.

There argon many things which influence on me and there are many people who give me lessons, smiling and sadness. The person who has influenced me the close is my mother, but today, I will not write about her but my trump friend who is being with me after my mother. We have been friends for more than than 10 years. We are in the same class during primary school but when we entered secondary school, we got separated. Since then I became very lazy and cannot focus in studies.I got bad bequeath during my form3 test and when she knew it, she helps me to do revision everyday during form4 and form5 but it is too late. I got only 5As in my spm and I am unable to get into the Poly I want which is NYP. The only way to study in Singapore is STPM, so I got into form6. One week later, she joined form6 too as she felt that form6 is more challenging. Fortunately we got into same class and we became deskmate, she taught me and guided me during every lesson.We used to go to library every day aft er school and attend tuition class. firmly works pay off, when I got my results, I felt so happy although it is not the best, but is more than I expect. I really thanks my best friend as she helps me a lot and influences me a lot, she was satisfied with her results too and we are now applying every university we wish to get. Although the chance we got it is small but neer try never know, that is what my mom told me.

Keeping Up With the Jones’s Essay

Part IWhat two parameters be responsible for cr ingest the movement (filtration and reabsorption) of fluid across the capillary wall? The hydrostatic coerce/ kind pressure and osmotic pressure/water pressure. Find a diagram of a capillary copy/paste and cite the source. Under normal circumstances, what components of the extraction cross the capillary wall? Blood cells kittyt travel but interstitial fluid basin and other small solutes. Cytokines, like histamine and leukotrienes, are secreted by damaged cells in Daves ankle. How do these cytokines cause inflammation? E-selectin are induced by cytokines from injured cells and they function like P-selectin. How does the application of internal-combustion engine to the ankle affect melodic phrase flow through the capillaries? It constricts the capillaries and decreases swelling and roue flow How does the removal of ice from the ankle affect blood flow through the capillaries and the cytokines? The blood flow increases because it helps return the blood flow to normal. How does compression, which is provided by an elastic (Ace) bandage wrapped around the damaged ankle, decrease inflammation? It animal(prenominal)ly constricts the blood vessels which reduces pain and swelling. How does elevation of the damaged ankle decrease inflammation? It increases blood flow back to the heart which is important when it comes to swelling.Part IIWhat problems are there in Suzies life, and does she exhibit any peculiar signs and symptoms? She feels neglected by her mom. She felt faint and weak And skips breakfast. She doesnt search to get attention nor seem happy. Why did Suzie pass out when she stood up?She had an inadequate amount of oxygen and blood flow.Why did Suzies mother place Suzies feet on a chair? To increase blood circulation to the brain. Why did Suzie feel as if she had no energy at the doctors office? She hadnt eaten breakfast.Make an initial supposition about Suzies take aim at this time. Assuming that y our speculation is true, what do you think the doctor will find in the results of Suzies physical examination? She probably is malnourished and has health complications because of it like low blood pressure and drastic weight loss.Part IIIWhat new signs and symptoms does Suzie exhibit that would refer you if you were the doctor? She has low nutrient levels And is extremely malnourished and looks un flushed too. Do you wish to make any further speculation about Suzies condition at this time? Assuming that your speculation is true, what do you think the doctor will find in the results of Suzies physical examination? She definitely has an eating disorder, and her lack of nutrients will affect her healthPart IVIs Suzies weight reasonable for her height?NoCalculate the stroke volume of Suzies heart, and compare it to that of a normal individual. Her low calcium intake causes weaker heart contractions and that makes her stroke volume way lower than it should be. Why do you think her bloo d pressure is lower than normal? Does low blood pressure explain any of Suzies signs and symptoms that you may have noticed? She has low blood pressure because she is lacking a lot of nutrients, which explains a lot Why is Suzies hematocrit low, and why are her red blood cells pale and immature? She is really unhealthy and dehydrated with super low level nutrients. There is no way she can be healthy living like this. Compared with a normal, healthy person predict the level of the following in Suzies blood (higher, same, lower) sodium, potassium, calcium, glucose, iron, and protein. Abnormally low for allL Do you wish to make any further speculation about Suzies condition at this time? I think she has an exercise addiction and eating disorderPart VAssuming that the ion levels in the blood plasma are similar to those in the interstitial fluid, what is the effect of low potassium levels on the membrane potential of Suzies nerve and muscles? It can cause them to become weak in their co ntractions andlowlevels are lowering her nerve abilities as well. Does this explain Suzies slow heart rate and ectopic beat? yes because she has low potassium levelsHow does low plasma calcium level account for her decreased stroke volume? they cause weaker heart contractionsWhat is the role of blood proteins in the movement of fluid between the blood and the interstititial space? they cant pass the capillary walls and water is pulled out and fills up interstitial space which causes edema What would be the effect of low blood protein levels on the colloidal pressure?How do low plasma protein levels produce edema?they lower colloid pressure and proteins cant pass the walls and water is pulled out and fills up interstitial space which causes edema.Part VIWhat conditions make Suzie a candidate for anorexia? Her bones stick out, she feels weak, and she has had a loss of her period. Do you think the doctors treatment is appropriate, or would you have admitted her into hospital? I would have admitted her into a hospital because she needs many serious supplements. When do you think Suzie should schedule her next visit to the doctor? After she goes to the hospital, in a few weeks.Source National Center for shield Study Teaching in Science

Historical context of 1984 †George Orwell Essay

George Orwells 1984 is sensation of the most important pieces of semi policy-making fiction it is a timeless governmental satire that demands to be read to be real appreciated. Published in 1948, and set 36 years into the future, 1984 eerily depicts where the orbit is going, where the truth is shunted and lies are promoted by all mainstream media. Perhaps whiz of the most powerful science fiction refreshings of the twentieth century, this apocalyptic satire shows with grim conviction how the protagonist Winston Smiths individual personality is wiped and how he is recreated in the societys im duration until he does non just obey but loves Big Brother.Some critics have related Winston Smiths suffering to those Orwell underwent before the writing of 1984. Orwell maintained the idea that the novel was written with the objective to alter other peoples ideas about the society they should strive after. But perhaps, to truly perceive the concepts explored and the purpose it was w ritten, we should early consider the historical context of the novel, the period trail up to the writing of 1984 in order to answer just what kind of book he was writing.One of the things that make 1984 such an important work of political fiction is the fact that it was written in a period of unprecedented political instability. It was the end of the worlds great imperial powers and the rise of a new age of politics. Democracy, fascism and communism were vying for dominance and the outcome of their struggle could not be predicted.Most people at the time were content to read 1984 as a unambiguous allegory of the about the melancholy fate of the Russian revolution. From the minute Big Brothers moustache appears in the second page of the book, people were immediately reminded of Stalin just as how the despised part heretic Emmanuel Goldstein is like Trotsky. This however did not prevent the novel being marketed in the US as an anticommunist tract.Written in 1948, 1984 arrived in the Mccarthy period where communism was seen as a worldwide menace. The Korean contend (1950-53) would soon follow and highlighted the alleged communist practice of ideological enforcement through brainwashing. That something precise much like brainwashing happens in1984, in lengthy and terrifying detail, to its hero, Winston Smith, did not surprise those readers determined to take the novel as a aboveboard condemnation of Stalinist atrocity.This however was not Orwells intention. Though 1984 gave comfort to generations of anti communist ideologues, its main purpose was to condemn the ill effects of dictatorship. But to understand what fueled his hatred of totalitarian regimes we must first consider the life George Orwell led and the world at that time.George Orwell was born Eric Arthur Blair, in India 1903 into a middle caste family. The name George Orwell was a pseudonym that he wrote his novels under. He was the son of a British civil servant and was brought to England as a to ddler. The boy became aware of the lay down class distinctions while attending St Cyprians preparatory school in Sussex where he received a fine education but felt out of gravel. He was often humiliated and looked down on as he was not from a wealthy family like the others. This experience made him sensitive to the cruelty of sociable arrogance. As a partial scholarship student whose parents could not afford to pay for his scholarship, Orwell was often reminded of his lowly economic status by the school administrators.Conditions improve at Eton where he studied next with Aldous Huxley as his French tutor. Later, Orwell wrote of being relatively happy at Eton as the school allowed students much independence. But kinda of continuing his university classes, in 1922 Orwell joined the Indian imperial police. Stationed in Burma, his class consciousness intensified as he served as one of the hated policemen enforcing British control of the native population. He was troubled by the cast e and racial barriers that had prevented him from getting to know a wider cross-section of the people there. Disgusted at his section as an imperialist he returned to England in 1927 and resigned his position.Orwell planned to become a writer, a profession which he had originally not shown much interest in. Perhaps, to vacate the guilt from his colonial experiences, he chose to live among the poor of London, and later in Paris.His own life provide the material for his first book published in 1933 Down and out in Paris and London which was based on his time living in those two cities with social criticism. The pseudonym George Orwell was used so his parents would not be shocked by the horrific living conditions described in the book. Subsequent novels contained autobiographical references and served as vehicles for Orwell to explore his ontogeny political convictions.In 1936, Orwell traveled to Barcelona to write about the Spanish civil war but ended up joining the battle, fightin g against Spanish Leader Francisco Franco and his Nazi back up fascists on the side of the Republicans, supporting the socialist left. There he had quickly learned the difference between real and phony antifascism. Orwell said This fascism somebodys got to stop it. To Orwell, liberty and democracy went together, guaranteeing, among other things, the freedom of the artist the present capitalist civilization was corrupt, but fascism would be morally calamitous.It was the Spanish Civil War that played the most important part in defining his socialism. Having witnessed the success of the anarcho-syndicalist communities, and the following brutal suppression of the revolutionaries by the Soviet-backed Communists, Orwell returned from Catalonia a staunch anti-Stalinist and joined the self-governing Labour Party. The Spanish war and other events in 1936-7, he wrote 10 years later, turned the scale and thereafter I knew where I stood. Every tilt of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I know it. His experiences in the Spanish civil war especially arrow escape during a Communist purge in Barcelona made him a lifelong anti-stalinist and a strong believer in democratic socialism, socialism with free elections.In the novel, Winston Smiths job at the ministry of truth consists of falsifying historical records in such a way to make the Party appear incapable of mistakes. This kind of organizationatic eradication was likewise present most notably in the Stalinist era in the 1930s. After Joseph Stalin bloom to power, the names of the once honored leaders of the Russian revolution men like Leon Trotsky, Nikolai Bukharin, and Lev Kamenev were deleted from thehistory books, their faces destroyed even on historical photographs. Articles written in encyclopedias were removed and new pages were written to replace those the subscribers had to cut out.But the Soviets were no t the only one who engaged in such practices. The British government also undertook its own propaganda as well, in which Orwell was an unintentional participant. From 1939-41, Stalin was portrayed as villain who had sacrificed Poland by signing a non aggression pact with Germanys Adolf Hitler. But on the sidereal day Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, Stalin was instantly remade into a friend of Britain. In the British Broadcasting corporation (BBC) which stressed the fortitude of the Russian people and the bravery of the red army. Orwell had worked for the BBC at the time Stalin was made a celebrity. Orwells satirical novel Animal Farm which condemned was rejected by publishers. It was only after World War II, when Stalin was no overnight an ally, was his book finally published.In Orwells fictional Oceania, radio broadcasts consists of special announcements of victories and large doses of martial music. This bears a similar resemblance to the successful tactics used by Germanys mi nister of propaganda under Hitler, joesph Goebbels. Also, Orwells concept of Newspeak, a critical element of degrading the society in 1984, bore a similar resemblance Goebbelss Sprachregelung ( address manipulation). In Sprachregelung, for example, Churchill was referred to by officials as that brandy-sodden alcoholic Winston Churchill, and Roosevelt that syphilitic degenerate Roosevelt. The medias manipulation of the masses in Nineteen Eighty-Four, then, is drawn not only from Soviet and Nazi propaganda tactics, but also from Orwells own experiences as a propagandist in the BBCs English-language service to India as well.In 1984, the world is subdivided into three great powers, Oceania(united states), Eurasia(Europe and Russia) and Eastasia (china and south east Asia) . This scenario is the same as the actual political alignment that followed WWII. At a conference in the city of capital of Iran 1943, Roosevelt, Stalin Churchill met to discuss postwar occupation and demilitarization of Germany. At this meeting it was decided that a secret Allied assault on Germanoccupied France would take place in 1944. This would cause Germany to fight a war on two fronts both east and west. This was the strategy that would win the war in next 18 months and also allowed the total soviet domination of Eastern Europe. By the time the leaders met again in 1945 at the Yalta conference, Stalin had driven the Nazi forces back and interpreted control of Eastern Europe.In 1948, when 1984 had been published, World War II had just ended. One of Englands allies was Russia, ruled by the repressive dictator Joseph Stalin. Stalin had launched an economic system in the Soviet Union where he had forced rapid industrialization of the large rural country. While the Soviet Union and its empire had transformed from an farming(prenominal) economy to an industrial powerhouse in a short span of time, millions of people died from hardships and famine that occurred as a result of the severe economic excitement and party policies.During the continued repressions in the country under Stalin millions of people who were a threat to the Soviet politics or suspected of being such a threat were executed or exiled to Gulag labor camps in remote areas of Siberia or Central Asia much like how the citizens of 1984 were vaporized. A number of ethnic groups in Russia were forcibly exiled for political reasons.Orwell seems to have been particularly annoyed with the widespread allegiance to Stalinism. The Communist Party under Stalin, he felt, were movements agreeing to fight for the working classes against capitalism, but in pragmatism have-to doe with only with establishing and perpetuating their own power. The masses were only there to be used for their idealism, their class resentments, and their willingness to work cheap.Fearful that the Soviets would impose a totalitarian political system on the vast area the soviets occupied, Roosevelt and Churchill pressed Stalin to establish gover nments through free elections. He conceded but did not allow international supervision of these elections. In the decade following the wars end, a ravaged Europe became the battleground for the two ideologies of communism and capitalism, and nowhere was their inability to agree moreevident than in the political division of Berlin. It was also at Yalta where the leaders set up the United Nations to maintain peace and security. But this coalition had little effect in preventing the growing tension between the US and the Soviets as they both tried to become the leading superpower. The ongoing ideological clash between these nations came to be known as the Cold War.The third great power to emerge after the war was the Peoples Republic of China. Communists captured power from the Nationalists in 1949 and established the Peoples Republic of China, totalitarianism again appeared in the newly formed communist state although its appearance seems less indicative of communist ideology than a l ong history of despotical rulers in both Russia and China. Mao and his lieutenants manipulated all organs of information for indoctrination purposes. Political education was accompanied by mass arrests and executions, forced labor, and the liquidation of anticommunist opponents.Political opponents were rehabilitated sort of than eliminated, and often permitted to return to positions of responsibility. The fact that the majority of these events, which are strikingly similar to those recounted in Nineteen Eighty-Four, occurred after the publication of the book is a testament to the novels prescience. Other dictators of the time included Benito Mussolini of Italy. These dictators controlled citizens through propaganda and violence. These state of affairs prompted Orwell to create Big Brother, the ultimate totalitarian leader who dominates political, social, and economic activities.Orwell was also concerned about an important invention that came into place after WWII and would in conc lusion become a dominant force in Western culture the television. Television first appeared in America in 1939 at the New York Worlds Fair. Its popularity continued to grow and today most households in America owned at least one colour television set. Orwell recognized the potential and the influence it can have of this communication tool which eventually everyone would own. He imagined that the television would broadcast propaganda non stop and eventually allow the broadcaster to spy onthe viewers hence the reason for establishing the telescreens in 1984.Political tragedies, such as this, are published constantly, but 1984 is one of the few that has remained timeless and will always be regarded as not only historical, but also prophetic. The book reminds us of what has gone wrong, what can go wrong, and what will go wrong when government becomes all-powerful. It is because of this political and social insight that 1984 is one of the best books of all time.BIBLIOGRAPHYwww.wikipeia.o rg- Spanish civil war-cold war-George Orwell-Joseph Stalin-Mao tse Tungwww.bartleby.com/65/to/totalita.htmwww.britannica.com/eb/article-9073017/totalitarianismww.answers.comhttp//www.liferesearchuniversal.com/introduction.htmlhttp//www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/scw/scw.htmwww.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade50.htmlbooks.google.com.au/bookswww.online-literature.com/orwell/www.george-orwell.org/www.netcharles.com/orwell/articles/col-totalitarianism.htmFinding George Orwell in Burma by Emma Larkin1984 by George Orwell (foreword by Thomas Pynchon) 2003 editionLiterature and its times by joyce moss

Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning Operant condition is a mode of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant instruct, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. The process relies on the idea that organisms do to stimuli, and that if they can be taught to associate a specific foreplay with a particular behavior, they will be more likely to engage in or avoid the behavior, depending on the type of stimulus involved.In the other hand, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through association between an environmental stimulus and a naturally stimulus. It involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. While operant conditioning and classical conditioning techniques share more or less similarities, it is important to understand the differences between them. One of the major differences involves the types of behavior that are conditioned. While classical conditioning is centered on involuntary, automatic behavior, operant conditioning is focused on voluntary behavior.An type of classical conditioning could be when someone flushes a toilet in your apartment building or your house, the ware becomes very hot and causes you to jump back. Over time, you will begin to jump back automatically after hearing the flush before the water temperature changes. As a child my mother would always tell me to go to the store and buy fresh baked bread first thing in the morning, and I would immediately put a piece in my mouth, years has past and the smell of fresh bread baking makes my mouth water.We have a social lion in a circus. It learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a food treat, this example is operant conditioning because standing on a chair and jumping through hoops are voluntary behavior. You check the coin return one-armed bandit on a pay telephone and find a quarter. You find yourself checking other telephone s over the next few days. This is also an example of operant conditioning because checking the coin return slot is also a voluntary behavior

Review of Related Literature and Studies

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION The success of to a greater extent agile- fodder chains in Metro manila paper is largely callable to the eveningt, that they argon able to deliver the e fictional character of sustainers expected of them of the stack who lead hurried lives. These slew strainmen, executives, ordinary employees and imprinters, students and new-made(prenominal)s, compute on these fast food chains for their food sustenance to keep them going throughout the day. Thus volume of customers turned to these establishments everyday, that keeps service crew on their toes to attend to them especially during top hours.Customers rapture however, depends on the efficiency of their service crew in meeting the demands of the many customers they adjudge to attend to everyday. No where is the importance of military psychenel resource clear exhibited than in fast food chains. According to Martines, people constitute an brass instruments most impor tant and vital doer in its success or failure. By and large, enchantment the human factor rules both its input and output, it is overly its most signifi evictt input and even output in many instances.Through and by men, the otherwises m aney, machines materials, methods and marketplaces argon acquired and utilized. The quality and utilization of the latter argon almost always affected by decisions about and by human resources. Indeed, the accomplishment of the goals of an governance depends upon the availableness and utilization of all these ingredients the fundamental interaction of which argon people ca employ. The acquisition, utilization and teaching of financial, material, technological and marked resources which whitethorn be exhaustible are helplesss on human resources.If the latter is available and capable, the other factors can be of great employ to the fundamental law. It is through people that they can be either harnessed and developed or dissipated and lost. Man does or undoes what exists, man creates or by passes opportunities and scenarios. Hence, people power is the most significant and potent factor of all the resources available to an formation. An organization may start with zero funding, but with creative, resourceful, hard weeing and h peerlessnessst people, it becomes financially available has really just begun.The fact that this subordinates can do the personal line of credit rise up does non mean that they necessary leave behind. thither is always the possibility that the quality and the quantity of their exercise may fall short of targeted objectives. This implies that chisel enjoyments and employees esprit de corps is dependent on the lead appearance of the conductor. From these perspective, the demand adopts the concept that attractorship contributes significantly to the success or failure of the organization, by its make on the esprit de corps and argument satisfaction. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe focus o f the lease is to de marginined the effects of the attractership style of the music directors of the fast food chains on the morale and mull satisfactions of the service crew. Specifically, it attempt to answer the following questions 1. What is the profile of the service crew in terms of a. Sex b. Age c. Civil Status d. Educational Attainment e. Experience (As service crew) 2. What is the leadinghip style of the managers of fast food chain as perceived by the service crew? 3. What is the direct or degree of project satisfaction of the service crews? 4.What is the degree of line of returns satisfaction among the service crews? 5. Does leadership style of managers affect the morale and theorise satisfaction of the service crews? ASSUMPTIONS The battlefield and the difficultys advanced herein are based on the following premises 1. Managers of the three fast food encounter more than or less similar leadership style. 2. The morale and hypothesise satisfaction are partly influenced or enhanced by leadership style of the managers. 3. Managers do non adopt a superstar leadership style. HYPOTHESES In likeness with the problems and assumptions advanced in the conceive, the following hypotheses are tested 1.Managers has no single or specific leadership style The service crew are the human resources of the fast food chains o who rest the success of these organization through customers satisfaction. In relation to this, the foregoing looks on the effects of managers leadership on the morale and demarcation satisfaction of their service crew of leading fast food chains (Jollibee, McDonalds and Wendys) in Metro Manila. These three fast food chains, Jollibee, McDonalds and Wendys are among the most success fully operated fast food chains in Metro Manila.They employ hundreds of service crews managed and supervise by able managers designed in their difference branches. In determining the effects of these managers leadership style on the morale an job satis faction, the airfield is under taking from the employees (service crews) academic degree of image. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK According to Lorenzana, even if the organization has been properly staffed and workers maintain been trained to the point where they are suite capable of doing a good job, the managers work as a director (and leader) of people. The leadership style of mangers has no effect on the morale and job satisfaction of the service crews.SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY The take up limited its investigation to 120 service crews of the three leading fast food chains in Metro Manila Jollibee, McDonalds and Wendys. it specifically pore on the determination of the effects of the managers leadership style on the morale and job satisfaction of the service crews. The matters major limitation is the fact that it does not attempt to make a comprehensive evaluation of the other factors that may affect job satisfaction and morale like working conditions, put up and son on.Th e cartoon also does not make an attempt to compare the managers leadership styles between the three fast food chains. Thus, the study is normally focused rather than specifically focused, at least on the aspects of leadership style effects on the morale and job satisfaction of the subjects. logical implication OF THE STUDY the study is deemed significant to managers, as it bring forth through its findings, the vital perspective on the relationship between leadership style and job satisfaction and morale among their subordinates.These may serve as bases for formulating a framework of management and leadership style appropriate in local setting sustain not altogether in bringing about sound management practices, but in enhancing greater efficiency and productivity among Filipino employees and workers as a dissolver of better employee- management relationship. DEFINITION OF TERMS The following are some(prenominal) of the terms that are given their operational definitions agree to the context they are used in the study Age It refers to the chronological are of the reactents as expressed in terms of years.Autocratic Leadership it means the type of leadership where the leader tells and cephalalgias or threatens for compliances authoritarian and despotic. Civil Status it refers to the status of macrocosm single, married, widowed, divorced or separated. Democratic Leadership Means the leadership that is characterized by participant decision- do and consultative assemblies to enforce majority decision of the group. Educational Attainment the term means the highschoolest education attained by the respondents. Experience as used in the study refers to the number of years the respondents worked as service crew, expressed in years.Laissez faire It is a free- reign leadership, characterized by high people orientation and myopic project orientation. Leadership as used in the study refers to the mien of an man-to-man who is involved in directing group activities. Leadership style It is the pattern of expression designed to integrate organisational and personal goals and interests in the pursuit of objectives. As used in the study it refers on the behavior adopt by an unmarried in directing group activities. Morale means the state of mind with reference to confidence, satisfaction and cheerfulness. gladness particularly job satisfaction is a general towards ones job the difference between the amount of rewards the workers pay back and the amount they believe they should receive. Sex Refers to the respondents gender attributes, whether female or male. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE In this chapter, the researcher presents a resume of literature that nonplus entailment to the present study. On Leadership According to Plunkett and Attner, in interacting with employees in the work environment, a manager must play four basic leadership partings educator, councilor, judge and spokesperson.All managers must carry thr ough the leadership role of educator. Managers fulfill this role by teaching employees job skills as fountainhead as acceptable behavior and organizational entertains. Managers accomplish much of behavioral education through the execution of their own daily work. Their work habits, attitudes and behavior serve as a role model to all who observe them. In addition to providing education, managers are ultimately responsible for the formal teach of their employees. They may provide this skills train directly or ar be adrift for it to be provided by other.Regardless of who ultimately performs the training, the managers should be knowledgeable about training principles learning theory, and training techniques in order to perform this role. thither are many opportunities for fast food chain managers to assume this role. Most of them educates their subordinates on company operations and policies. A certify leadership role of a manager is councilor. This role involves listening, giving a dvice and preventing and solving employees problem. In performing this role, managers are fulfilling deuce expectations of the employees 1. Awareness and botheration for the psyche employee and . Assistance in solving a problem. The counselor role does not mean that the manager is expected to solve all the employees problem, but it does mean providing help in recognizing the basic problem and in searching for potential solutions. Fast food managers a good deal assume the role as adviser or counselor. They run advice on their subordinates on how they can effectively do their tasks, and on work related problems. Playing the leadership role of judge involves appraising subordinates works enforcing policies, procedures, and regulations, remission disputes, and dispensing justice.Appraising or evaluating performance requires a knowledge of the standards that are used to measure output. The enforcing of policies, procedures, and regulations is tied to communication and to training. People should be told, and shown what limits and guidelines exist and how these apply to their specific situations. The function of settling disputes requires the exercise of tact and concern for resolution of conflicts. Dispensing justice entails giving credit and rewards, as well as appropriate discipline.Managers act as spokespersons for subordinates when they relay their suggestions, concern and points of view to higher authorities. Doing something about subordinates problems may mean going to bat for them on a higher management level. It may mean that the manager will make up to fight for changes to improve procedures, morale and working conditions. In performing this leadership role a manger must be willing to cook up a subordinates view even when she or he disagrees with it. In pursuing these leadership roles, the managers may adopt one or combining of the following leadership styles 1.Democratic type This type of leader is characterized by his concern for the achievement of goals set with the group. He is sensitive and understand the affects of the individuals and groups in spite of appearance the organization and helps them to fulfill their needs as well as the functions of the group. He maximizes the use of communication and promotes open inquires, discussions and disagreements. 2. Autocratic or Dictatorial type This type of leader uses authority and title to hide certain shorting because he feels insecure. He is domineering toward staff members and co-workers but submissive towards superior officers.The autocratic leader is rigid and reluctant to delegate authority or to permit staffs subordinates to participate in policy and decision- making matters. 3. Laissez- Faire Type This leader gives complete freedom to group or individual decisions with the minimum of leader participation or direction. This type of leadership merely supplies materials and remains apart from the group and participates only when require. He makes no attempt to treasu re or regulate the members of the group of their progress towards achieving their goals and objectives.The laissez faire type behavior is premised on the touch sensation that the members of the group posses the ability to solve their problems and to determine their goals. Regardless of the leadership style that a manager applies, he or she is important in the organization. The success of an organization will largely depend on the kind of leader the organization has. With all the factors present in a no organization, the success or failure of any organization, whether giving medicational, business,civil, social political, whether service or profit- orientated, will largely depend on the kind of eader and the people in the organization. In the study about leadership styles and their development, leadership theories were formulated. Fiedler holds that the most appropriate style of leadership for a manager depends on the situation in which a managers works The contingency model which e developed shows that the effectiveness of a leader is determined by the interaction of the managers orientation (task or employee) with three situational variables leader- member relationships, task bodily structure and leader position power. Leader- member refers to the degree to which the leader is or feels accepted by the group.It is heedful by the degree of respect, confidence, and trust the subordinates feel from good to poor. If the relationship is rated as good, the leader should be able to exercise influence over the subordinates easily. On the other hand, if in that respect is friction or distrust, the manager may support to resort to favors to get performance. Task structure concerns the nature of the subordinates job or task. If reflects the degree of structure in the job a structured job would be routine in nature with prescribed dish upes. An example would be the position of file clerk.An formless job would have complexity and variety, and room for creativity. Leader position power describes the organizational power has from which the individual manager operates. The path- goal theory of leadership is bear on with the ways in which a leader can influence a subordinates motivation, goals, and attempts at achievement. It suggests that a leadership style is effective or ineffective on the basis on how the leader influences the perceptions of 1. Work goals or rewards of subordinates 2. Path (behavior) that lead to successful goal accomplishment.According to Jose and Micheal, subordinates are motivated by a leaders behavior. This behavior influences both goal attractiveness and the paths available to knock over the goals. Their theory contains two propositions concerning leaders behavior 1. Leader behavior is acceptable and satisfying to subordinates to the consummation that they view much(prenominal) behavior as either an immediate source of satisfaction or an instrument to future satisfaction. 2. Leader behavior will increase subordin ates efforts if it cogitate satisfaction of their needs to effective performance, and is supportive of their efforts to achieve goals performance.The theory provides types of leadership behaviors based on the work needed. These are 1. Instrumental behavior It involves the homework supervise and task assignment aspect of leadership. Instrumental behavior can be used to increases an employees work effort or clarify outcomes. 2. Supportive Behavior It involves the employee oriented concern for the welfare and needs of subordinates. In addition, it includes creation of a warm, pleasant climate. 3. Participative Behavior It involves using subordinates ideas in decision making. A subordinates who operates independently and who has ability would respond favorably to this approach. . Achievement- Oriented Behavior This involves both developing a highly challenging climate for an employee and demanding good performance. These leadership behaviors are based on the situational factors. Ther e are two situation factors that influentce leadership behavior 1. The personal characteristic of the subordinates. 2. The environmental pressures and demands with which subordinates must cope to accomplish goals and satisfy personal needs. Personal characteristics of a subordinate include the persons ability, self- confidence, and needs.These elements described the performance level of the ability and the degree of confidence in performing the job. This factor of personal characteristic affects how subordinates view their leader and themselves. The stronger their abilities and beliefs in themselves, the less supervision they will tolerate from the boss. Environmental pressures include the influence on subordinates that hey cannot control but which affect their abilities to perform the tasks effectively. Co- workers, the tasks assigned, and the leaders exercise of power are examples of these influences.Co- workers who are not cooperating can influence job performance and minimize an employees perception of completing the job. On Morale Jucius, wrote that organizational cooperation and conflict are significantly affected by employee morale. Hence, in personnel management it is important to understand the meaning of morale, the theory of morale development and the factors of morale development. Simply stated, morale is a state of mind and spirit, affecting willingness to work, which in turn affects organizational and individual objectives. Morale may range from very high to very low.It is not an absolute but is subject to change, depending upon managements plans and practices. This simple definition emphasizes willingness to work. This is important, a person contented with ones lot may do only enough to get by. Another person works hard because of dissatisfaction and wants to achieve betterment. Good morale would scarecely be a condition of the former it could well be of the latter. Dissatisfaction of a group need not be a sign of poor morale when it is associat ed with a deserve to improve through cooperation with organizational goals. Dissatisfaction with management could however well e a sign of poor morale.Morale is, in essence, conditioned by a groups understanding of the relation between personal interests and company interests. Employees who conclude that their interest are being served fairly when they contribute to the organizations interests develop a favorable attitude of mind. Conversely, their attitude is poor when they perceive an unfair treatment of their interests. Essentially, wherefore, morale develops out of a mutual satisfaction of interests. In the case of employees, they understand that to gain their goals, they must help the company achieve its goals.And employees must also believe that the deal they get is fair in relation to what they and others contribute. If the interests of all parties to a group endeavor are in their respective minds, fairly served, their morale will be high. Morale development takes place, th erefore, through the process of successfully integrating interests. Immediately, good morale has some very important results for management and for employees. Management finds that subordinates are willing to follow their requests and commands with enthusiasm and respects. Indeed, work is do without the need of commands or supervision.This is a very pleasant condition for the executive who will find that employees will work hard in the face of difficulties. When trim time or holiday work is called ofr, the response will be quick and understanding. And most of all, employees openly show the attitude of respects for an confidence in their leaders which is so satisfying to the leaders themselves. Good morale has immediate effects upon employees too. They work with satisfaction and pleasure. The hours of work go by in an atmosphere of relaxed effort. energy seems to drag, the days are not empty and boring, and a feeling of insignificance is absent.It is in short good to work and in a ssociation with ones co- workers and ones superiors. Work as much as it can be is a pleasure and not a misery. These immediate effects cause some desirable ultimate effects. To management, there is higher output of better products at lower costs. And in turn, there will be more consistent, higher profits. To employee there are higher wages, more secure employment, and a higher standard of living. And to society in general, there are more goods and service obtained more effectively from the limited supply of resources. These effects do not all flow morale itself.Morale should not be looked upon as the only source of success. Even the silk hat employee cannot make bricks without straw. But the best employee can do much, much better gives the same materials that can the worker whose morale is low. It is now pertinent to note the factors which have an effect upon employee morale. As a broad statement, anything can do influence the attitude of employees, the factors are limitless. But p ractically speaking, morale is related to the following 1. Employee factors The quality of morale is definitely influenced by the type of employees.Understanding has significant effects upon morale. And understanding is dependent in part upon the ability of people to understand. If then, the ability of employees to understand comely explanations is low, management, try as it may, will not be able to get across its messages. Thus, in its hiring policies, a company should seek not only people who are capable of doing their jobs but also those who can grasp the logical relationship and rewards involved in group effort. The status and roles of employees have a rig upon the possibilities of morale development. Employees may be members of a union.In that case, they will invariably take on attitudes are reactions because of their membership. This does not mean that such attitudes will necessarily be negative. But it does mean that management will have to deal with a group which is not ea sy to convince of the views it considers correct. Even when not organized, lug may take on particular attitudes because of such things as labor- management history in a given fraternity or the manner in which labor looks upon itself in the factory. 2. Management Practices The most important group of factors affecting morale are those falling within the province of management.Few employees indeed would be aware of or disinterested in how management deal with such matters of pertinence to them as goals, policies, procedures and communications. Any of these subjects can have serious impact upon the morale of the employees. Any one of these areas has more than enough powder to blow upon the relations between labor and management. The behavior of executives is particularly significant as a morale factor. Some executives are autocratic in their attitude toward subordinates. Others imply a feeling that they are better that their subordinates that the latter are second class citizens.Othe rs are suspicious of the motives and actions of employees and openly indicate their lack of confidence. Other avoid, if not despise, the company of their workers. And still others are contemptuous of the intelligence of employees. Such attitudes are quickly noted. Obviously, it is natural for employees to return a negative attitude of mind. To reverse these behaviorisms serves to enhance the morale of employees. The author indeed emphasized how leadership style of management could affects the morale of the employees as one factor of morale development. 3.Extra Company forces and factors Morale may also be affected by forces and factors outside the company itself. The union is significant example and various community and family relationships are another. The union is so interwined, and becoming increasingly more so with company affairs that it may be incorrect to classify it as an extra company agency. But legally it is, of not in other relationships. Certainly it is a potent morale factor. How employees feels toward their company is significantly determined by the indoctrination they receive from their unions.And at times such as during a strike their attitude seems to be totally swayed by this force. Other extra company forces affecting employees morale are numerous. Though it may not be company business, an employees attitude toward at work is affected by a variety of things, such as 1. How well he gets aprospicient with spouse, children and tellings. 2. The nature of associations with friends and neighbors. 3. The state of personal health or of family well- being. 4. Whether or not the worker has picked a winner is politics, in a favorite team or in the last football pool. 5.Environmental factors in the community, such as parking and traffic conditions, housing conditions and ecological conditions. It big businessman seem a herclean task to cope with such as infinite variety of morale factors. This is not so. Not all are effective at the same time. But t o work with any of them, management should be able to determine which ones are effective at particular times. On Job Satisfaction and Morale Robbins describes job satisfaction as an attitude. A person with a high level or job satisfaction holds positive attitudes toward a job, while a person who is dissatisfied hold negative attitudes about the job.Attitudes of a person depend on the values they hold and that is important to them. Values strongly influence a persons attitudes. An employees performance and satisfaction are likely to be higher if his or her values fit well within the organization. The determinants of job satisfaction are mentally challenging work, equitable rewards, supportive working conditions, supportive colleagues and personality job fit. Mentally challenging work employees to prefer jobs that give them opportunities to use their skills and abilities and offer a variety of tasks, freedom and feedback on how well they are doing.Equitable rewards, pay dusts and pr omotion policies that are fair and just, and in line with their expectations. Supportive working conditions, concerns the work environments of both personal comfort and feedback. Temperature, promiscuous, noise and other environmental factors should be conductive. Supportive colleges money or evident achievements are not all that matter, work also fills the need for social interaction. Having friendly and supportive co- workers and boss increases Job satisfaction.Personality Job fit theory people with personally types congruent with their chosen vocations should find that they have the right talents and ability to meet the demands of their jobs. Satisfied and committed employees, for instance have lower rates of perturbation and absenteeism. There are at least 4 reasons why organizations should consider the level of job satisfaction 1. Dissatisfied employees skip work more often and more likely to resign. 2. Dissatisfied employees are more likely to engage in distructive behavior s. 3. Satisfied employees have better health and live longer. 4.Satisfaction on the job carries over to the employees life outside the job. According to Lyman Porter and Lawyer, satisfaction is delineate as the uttermost to which the rewards actually received meet or give-up the ghost the perceived equitable level forwards. The greater failure of actual rewards to meet or exceed perceived equitable rewards, the more dissatisfied a person is considered to be in a given situation. There are four relative independent areas that will or will not contribute to job satisfaction 1. Intrinsic satisfaction with the work itself 2. Satisfaction with the company, its goals, policies and procedures 3.Satisfaction with the relationship with co- workers and supervisors satisfaction discovering rewards and advancement opportunities. 4. Theory X and Theory Y were mentioned in the analysis. A whippy combination of both theories should be used to allow foe differences in people and conditions. In relation to satisfaction and performance, they found out that attitudes were related significantly to performance. As for what Vrooms theoretical analysis Job Satisfaction is well affected by the amount of reward that people derive from their job and level of performance is closely affected by the basis of attainment of rewards.Individuals are satisfied with their jobs to the extent to which their jobs provide them with what they desire, and they perform effectively in them to the extent that effective performance leads to the attainment or what they desire. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter described briefly the approach in research that is deemed most appropriate for the purposes of the study and the techniques considered adequate for information gathering activities. RESEARCH DESIGN According to purpose and intent, the foregoing could be classified as a descriptive research.The focus and concern of this study is to determine the effects of the managers leadership st yles on the morale and job satisfaction of the service crews of leading fast- food chains in Metro Manila. As defined by Best, a descriptive research describes and interpret what is. It is concern with conditions of relationship that exist, practices that prevail of belief and processes that are going on, effects that are being felt, or trends are that developing. SAMPLING PROCEDUREA random sampling is used in the study, forty respondents each from three leading fast food chains Jollibee, McDonalds and Wendys are selected at random. Using this sampling method, a total of one hundred twenty (120) respondents are selected. DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT use The major instrument used in gathering primary data is the questionnaire which was designed according to the specific problems advanced in the study. For this questionnaire, the data pertinent to the problem raised in the study were obtained. STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATAThe descriptive statistical tools were employed in the study. The mean, frequencies and percentages common measure of central tendency are used to present the typical performance or characteristics of the respondents. The respondents to questionnaire pertaining level of morale and job satisfaction are scaled, then the total weighted (TWS) and average weighted rack up (AWS) are computed using the Likert Scale Rating 1. 0-1. 5= Excellent= Highest 1. 51- 2. 0= Very Satisfactory = Higher 2. 1 -3. 5= Satisfactory = High 3. 51 -4. 5= Unsatisfactory = Low 4. 51-5. 0= Very unsatisfactory = Lowest SUMMARYThe effects of the Managers Leadership style on the Morale and the job Satisfaction of the service crews of the leading fast food chains, and then involving with the leadership that is then involved with the following 1. The personnel are highly motivated and then performs well on the things that they are satisfied. 2. The leadership managers is also an important factors for job satisfaction and performance of the personnel. 3. Job performance then invol ved with enhancing then of having a good pay, rapport among co- workers and superiors, nature of work, as mores of morale boosters and 4.Human relationship is then important in any organization as it influence then the job satisfaction and productivity of the business by running relationship between the labor and management. CONLUSION In this study, I would be able to conclude the following a. There is then the motivation that must be taken I regarding of the personnel. b. Dealing with this part, there is the leadership practices had been taken place. c. And it is then necessary and important for the managers to gain satisfaction in regarding with the customers. d. For this food chains, they are then able to gain the managing of the Customers service.RECOMMENDATION The results of this study is not conclusive due to the time constraints which inhibits the researcher to make extensive study. Hence, a more thorough investigation is recommended before any generation of generalization c ould be made. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Concepcion Rodil Martinez, Human resources Management Principles and Practices,rev. ed. (Manila National Book Store, Inc. , 1991). P. 3. 2. Carlos Lorenzana, Management Theory and Proactice, Manila Rex Book Store, Inc. , 1991). 3. John K. Hemphill, Situational Factors in Leadership, Leadership studies No. (Personal research Board, Ohio State University). 4. Stephen P. Robbins, Personnel The Management of Human Resources, (New York Practice Hall Inc. , 1988) 5. Warren, R. Plunkett and Raymond F. Attner, Introduction to Management, 2nd variate (Mass PWS- Kent Publishing Co. , 1991)PP. 341 342. 6. Theodore T. Herbert, Dimensions of Organizational Behavior (New York Macmillan Publishing Co. , 1976) pp. 119 120. 7. Fred F. Fieldler, the Contingency Model New Dimensions for Leadership Utilization, Journal of Contemporary Business 3 (1974), pp. 79 80.Review of related literature and StudiesThis Chapter presents the conceptual framework of the study that d etermines the relationship of entrepreneurial Management and Operation of Small Business in General Santos City. Conceptual Framework in spite of the financial slump experienced everywhere, the wheels of our local delivery continue to turn as our development spirals upwards, new business continue to open, and fresh investments pour in providing more employment and livelihood opportunities for the Generals, and in turn resulting to an increased capability to provide for the families necessities, especially education.Because of the growing industry competition and market demands, our entrepreneurs become more skilled, more ingenious, more creative and more determined. Small business is often regarded as entrepreneurship driven. The booming economic activity in General Santos City, its competitive development such as infrastructure, the presence of malls, traffic light, newly constructed commercial buildings and more than 12,000 plus registered businesses are some that create dynamic communities in the city.Hence, the city was identify as the area of great advancement and these are all due to Small businesses investments. Small businesses are vital for economic fruit and development in both industrialized and developing countries, by playing a key role in creating new jobs. Financing is necessary to help them set up and expand their operations, develop new products, and invest in new staff or production facilities. many small business start out as an idea from one or two people, who invest their own money and probably turn to family and friends for financial help in return for a share in the business.Figure 1. Conceptual Framework Chart The conceptual framework as shown in figure 1 is composed of three roles. The first component is the Entrepreneurial Management and their Operation which can gives impact in various areas it can also often closely associated with the firms overall success and survival. This makes the second component includes the Operation by the business as to Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling. These component can create an impact to the industry that affects their operation at some point.Thus, makes the third component as composed of entrepreneurial orientation of small businesses as to innovativeness, pro activeness, and Risk Taking to seeks luck and take a bold action such as venturing into unknown market and committing resources to introduce new products or services ahead. Related Literature Small Business is very important segments in the society. (Kao & Liang, 2001) defined small business as one that is owned independently (that is, it is not a subsidiary of a larger firm) and managed by its entrepreneur/owner with little or no delegation of decision-making to employees.PLANNING Planning refers to process by knowing their strengths and weaknesses are and where they stand in the market place. The link to planning is provided by Fitzroy & Hubert, (2004) who also noted similarities between entrepreneur s and successful senior managers in their ability to plan across longer time perspective than junior managers or most non-managerial individuals. Thus, according to this line theory, planning should not be regarded as merely a bureaucratic exercise but more as evidence of a high managerial and organizational propensity and a necessary condition for sustained business increment.Entrepreneur and successful managers are more adept than other business owners and managers at overcoming apparent informational and production limitations to approach the theoretical production possibility frontiers of their enterprises. However, few-if-any- enterprises actually operate to full theoretical capacity and few targets are completely achieved even by firms that are generally considered to be successful. It is often argued that most business in fact only operate within an even more circumscribe set- the possibility set- of possibilities that owners deem to be relevant to their business.This sugge st an even closer and more constant link between managerial perception and intentionality and the business performance of an enterprise. (Kenney, 2008) Organizing It is a requirement to utilize the fullest potential of resources such as people, capital, and asset to ensure the success of the plans. Organizing coordinates the resources that needed to implement the plan. In organizing, company structure is established, relationships are formed and resources are allotted appropriately to visit the objectives sought for.(Camposano, 2003). A good and sound management organization may refer to in general refers to increase in size. In research, firm increment has been operationalized in many ways and different measures have been used. This may be one reason for the unlike results reported by previous studies (Weinzimmer et al. , 1998235), though other explanations have also been presented (Delmar et al. , 2003 Davidsson & Wiklund, 2000). Entrepreneurs must also be able to balance their managerial duties with leadership activities.In other words, they have to be able to handle both the day to day operations of the business as well as decision making obligations that determine the organizations long term direction, philosophy, and future. It is a precarious relationship, but entrepreneurs must be both managers and visionaries in order to build their organization. Indeed, it is contented that many otherwise talented entrepreneurs have failed because they were unable to strike an appropriate balance between details of management and the larger mission that guides the new venture.Many entrepreneurs eventually reach a point where they realize that these twin obligations cannot be fully met alone. It is at this point that staffing decisions can become a unfavourable component of long term business success. In general, entrepreneurs should search for ways to delegate some of their management tasks rather than their leadership tasks. After all, in most cases the new busi ness has long been far more dependent on its founders. LEADING/ MOTIVATING Inspiring others to do their part effectively in carrying out the organizations plans.Entrepreneurial leaders have some specific leadership attributes. Entrepreneurial leadership is leadership that is based on the attitude that the leader is self-employed. Leaders of this type take endeavour and act as if they are playing a critical role in the organization rather than a mostly important one and waken their people, demonstrate entrepreneurial creativity, search continuously for new opportunities and pursue them, take risk, venture into new areas and providestrategic direction and inspiration to their people, take responsibility for the failures of their team, learn from these failures and use them as a step to ultimate success and strategic achievement. Entrepreneurial leadership involves instilling the confidence to think, behave and act with entrepreneurship in the interest of fully realizing the intended purpose of the organization to the beneficial growth of all stakeholders involved. CONTROLLING Controlling is a six-step process that involves several systematic approaches to ensure performances standards are met in the most efficient way.While controlling is a complicated management function, its importance must not be under rated. They must (1. ) Establish performance standards. mathematical process standards give employees an idea of what is expected of them and tells how you assess their performance. This key is to maintain management control. (2. ) Conduct a job analysis and create a job explanation for each position within the company. Give feedback regularly and give annual performance appraisals. This makes the employee aware of individual chance and weaknesses.Entrepreneurship establish and maintain an environment within the business to encourage a efficiency among employees period the functions of management involve planning, organising, directing, and controlling of resources. This function is influence by objectives set by the entrepreneur. They are closely related to each other and interdependent. Organising ordinates the resources that needed to implement the plan. (Brown, et. al, 2005). Innovativeness To innovate successfully, firms must break out of the patterns that have shaped their thinking.For example, Tim Warren, director of research and technical services at the oil giant Royal Dutch/Shell, was sure that Shells employees had vast reserves of innovative talent that had not been tapped investing in new technology, R&D, and continuous improvement- for successful purpose, firms must seek advantages from the latest technologies. Innovativeness is concerned with supporting and encouraging new ideas, experimentation and creativity likely to result in new products, services or processes ( Fitzroy and Hubert, 2007 ).The indicators used to assess innovativeness comprised the level of intricacy in R&D, the extent of innovation and qualificati ons of the workforce. Firms were asked to indicate their level for involvement in R&D. For a small number of firms (13) R&D was their primary activity. In total, almost 60 % claimed to be highly involved in R&D, although a quarter undertook of R&D. The 2005 survey on the effects of entrepreneurial orientation, asked the nature of innovations as between product/service, process and logistics or words of service.Some firms recorded innovative activity across a broad spectrum whereas others recorded innovations only in respect of product or service. The diversity or extent of innovative activity was considered an important indicator of innovativeness (Daft, 2005) Pro activeness The concept of pro activeness refers to a firms efforts to seize new opportunities. Firms can use to act proactively (1) introducing new products or technological capabilities ahead of the competition- maintaining a high level of pro-activeness is central to the corporate culture of some major corporations.(2 ) continuously seeking out new product or service offerings- firms that provide new resources or sources of supply can benefit from a proactive posture. Pro-activeness is concerned with first mover and other actions aimed at seeking to secure and protect market share and with a forward-looking perspective reflected in actions taken in anticipation of future demand (Lumpkin Dess, 2005 ). The indicators of pro-activeness used here comprised quislingism incidence and extent, innovations, (in particular the incidence of novel innovations) activities designed to protect intellectual property and market structure.Information was sought about formal or in formal collaboration or alliances with other organizations during the 2 years prior to the 2005 study and the purpose of collaboration had relationship with atleast one of the following, firms in the same line of business customers and suppliers. The majority (more than two thirds) reporting collaborative partnerships gave more than one purpose. However, regardless of the type of organization collaborated with the purpose of collaboration was dominated by market-related issues.Of 74 CEOs giving reasons for collaboration 62 mentioned either to expand the range of products/services and/or to provide approach to new markets. Half of the remaining CEOs gave meeting current customer/client needs as the purpose of collaboration. Given that market-related issues dominated reasons for collaboration, firms were assessed for pro-activeness in terms of the diversity of organizations with which they had collaborated.In common with other studies of small businesses ( Kitson and Wilkinson, 2006) the majority of firms (60%) could be classified as operation in niche markets confronting 5 or fewer serious competitors. Although striving to establish dominance in a niche market may demonstrate pro-activeness, account also needs to be taken of the extent to which that market is dominated by one or two customers, on which the firm is highly dependent. Few firms (13%) were dependent on a single customer for more than 50% of turnover.It can be suggested that the ideal niche market sought is where customers dependence is relatively low and serious rivals few. Such situations were considered to have a positive niche market effect. The reverse situation relatively high customer dependence combined with higher numbers of serious rivals was considered to have a negative effect and intermediate situation a neutral effect. On the basis of the above indicators the firms were scored in terms of their level of pro-activeness. RISK TAKINGRisk taking refers to an entrepreneurs tendency to take a bold action such as venturing into unknown new market, committing a large portion of resources to ventures with uncertain outcomes, and/or acceptance heavily, firms can use the following two methods to reinforce their competitive position through risk taking (1)Researching and assessing risk factors to minimize uncertainty although all new business endeavors are inherently risky, firms that do their homework can usually reduce their risk (2) using techniques that have worked in other domains-risky methods that other firms have applied successfully may be used to advance corporate ventures. (ferreire,2008). Measuring the extent to which individuals differ in their willingness to take risk is contentious.Early work in small business research tended to be focused on various psychological characteristics such as locus of control and tolerance of ambiguity. CEOs subjective evaluation of their approaches towards risk is also fraught with difficulty since what one person regards as a calculated approach another may regard as aversion. Others have suggested that the differentiating factor is the way risks are calculated (Norton and Moore, 2004). This study focused on behavior which might willingness to invest with uncertain returns level of spending on R&D and investment in training as indicated by level of off-job tr aining for full-time employees.Just over half of the firms undertaking R&D spent an average of less than 10% of turnover on R&D in the 2 years prior to the 2005 study but a quarter recorded levels of more than 10% of turnover. Few firms (28) had sought venture capital and those that had were evenly divided in terms of success. quest venture funding was regarded as indicative of a willingness to take risks. The impact of involvement in technology sectors was evident from the incidence and extent of training undertaken. Many studies of small firms suggest that they do not train. However like other juvenile studies ( Barnett and storey, 2004) the incidence of training in the firms in this study was high. Almost two thirds provided some off-job training for full-time employees and in a quarter over 20% of full-time employees were given such training.As with employment growth and qualification of the workforce, relative training performance was assessed in respect of employment size. RELATED STUDIES The study conducted by Poutziouos, Michaela and Soufani reports the findings of an empirical investigation on the economic factors affecting small businesses in General Santos City. The study involved interviews in SMEs postal survey with responses from further companies, and entrepreneurship of small businesses. The findings show that although short-term entrepreneurship practices improve as companies grow there is scope for the owner- managers of small businesses to strengthen their trade credit management in order to reduce costs and enhance business performance. Moreover, they have to consider more financial options.This report has documented the key findings of many organizations responding global forces by re-engineering business process and shifting to horizontal organizations structures with self- directed teams. Some are adopting morphological innovations such as the network, to focus their core competencies while outside specialists handle other activities . In addition to these structural changes, todays organizations face the need for dramatic strategic and structural change, and for rapid innovations in technology and products. (Daft 1998). The report looked t how economic factors affects small businesses in General Santos City, and how these business manage their organizations.In the study of Berry & Sweeting (2002) stated that deficiencies in Economic Factors have been repeatedly cited as a root cause of business failure. (Najak and Greenfield 1994) two arguments are advanced for such deficiencies in SMEs that new entrepreneurship is not relevant and that SME managers are unable to make up use of business. Here, it is argued that Business ideas are relevant to SMEs but that a process of innovations combining both knowledge to overcome a barrier of belief and an external shock are necessary in order for innovation to take place. These ideas were explored through a survey to SMEs from both service and manufacturing business in Gene ral Santos City. It was observed that the use of organizational techniques is negatively related to growth in turnover.However, the use of organizational techniques that were related to the product market was found to be positively related to growth in turnover and that owner/mangers belief in the importance of organization in business decisions was strong related growth very negatively related to size. The second theme of the research was the significance of the role of external advisors. Prima facie it was suggested that external advisors may be key agents of change, but the study revealed that their perceived value was relatively low. The findings of this survey suggest that when entrepreneurship is perceived to be relevant then it use does support business growth but innovation in accounting in SME requires further research.In a study of measuring organizational performance by Wood & Walmsley (2004) it reports on the analysis methods used during a recent multinational experiment that was aimed exploring concepts for a new planning process within a condition of nations. In February 2004 over 400 participants from other countries took part in the multinational experiment conducted in a distributed collaborative environment. These participants formed a virtual coalition headquarters in order to plan an appropriate response to a crisis situation. These new planning process required whole-of-government approach encompassing government departments, coordination of coalition partners, government agencies, non-governmentorganizations and other international application of appropriate organizational structures and process together with supporting information system and technologies The challenge of this study and researcher was to design and develop valid and robust measures of organizational performance. They found out that changes to the way the constructs were operational are required in order to take account of the practical complexities of measuring performanc e. In another study on organizational performance by Mcmillan, Diedrich and Entin (2005), immersive virtual simulations offer an opportunity to gain insight and experience in new, innovative, organizational structures.Assessing the performance of these new organizations represents a considerable challenge due to the myriad of complex interrelated factors that may contribute to the outcomes observed in the simulation. Theories and models, often in the form of constructive simulations of organizational performance, can guide the development of empirical performance measures by linking comminuted behaviors to overall outcomes for organizations. Constructive simulations can be used to create meaningful test conditions for immersive performance measurement , to identify those aspects of performance that are most critical to measure, and to predict the effects of organizational structures on performance. Considerable challenge, however.This chapter provides examples of the use of the the ories and constructive simulations to structure empirical data collecting of organizational performance, and discusses the lessons learned from these efforts. The focus is on organizational structures for military command and control, including innovative structures associated with the new and rapidly evolving concept of network-centric warfare The study of Berry and Rodriguez (2001) reviewed the experience of small and medium enterprises in recent years in the Philippines. It notes that while Philippines economic growth picked up in the early 1990s/, the share of its small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in manufacturing employment and value added stayed roughly constant. However, the overall stability masks some dynamism across firm sizes and sectors.Thus, very small firms (with less than 10 workers) had higher than average rates of growth of total factor productivity during 1988-94c while larger firm (of between 50and 200 workers) experienced a decline in productivity. Toward the end of decade, the Philippines were affected by the economic factors but less seriously than some other Asians countries. Small firms do not seem to have been worse hit than larger firms. The Philippines has shown long-winded growth for decades, despite some recent recovery efforts. The evidence indicates that the SME sector was emerging from the deep economic crisis of the 1980s and experiencing the first positive effects of the economy wide reforms implemented in the late 1980s and early 1990s.By the mid- 1990s Philippine SMEs appeared to have recovered from long period of decline, but their performance, by itself, does not seem to have been vigorous enough to boost the Philippine economy after the 1997-98 crisis. Large firms and large foreign ownership have rationally characterized the Philippine manufacturing sector. During a period of deep market reforms in the 1990s the country open up to more FDI. Trade and economic reforms help to improve the growth scenario without provid ing a period of high growth. During the current crisis the modern sector manufacturing dominated the recovery by exporting high-end items and helped to buffer other negative impacts on Philippine manufacturing while creating a new, but small, breed of SMEs small or medium foreign-owned enterprises.The study presented in a forum of International Development Studies on kinfolk 2005, attempted to analyze the ways of governments bureaucratic system in the service delivery of SME sector affects the day-to- day operations of small enterprises, along with other related issues such as the central- local government relations, decentralization, partnership and networking approach, and the demand- supply driven public services. It looked at the experience of the Philippine governments policies and programs aim at SMEs growth. Dubbed as the national SME Development Agenda. The agenda incorporate a comprehensive and integrated approach to SME development, under the national governments directio n. Apparently, the agenda are centrally planned. Designed and implemented. At the lowest level of the government hierarchy, the local government units are entirely left only the monitor and coordinate the implementation of central government actions. Hence, the role and accountability of local stockholders are of well defined (especially the local governments).Citing Zamboanga City, the economic touch of western Mindanao region, the local government is lacking ownership involvement, and commitment to this national initiative. Despite this national government-led support scheme. SMEs are continually facing some problems and pressures pertaining to their business operations. Analysis on the effect of national governments a support scheme at the firm level is presented, with some implications toward the end. The study of Tamangan, Jocef and Habito (2004) discussed the role of SMEs in economic development has been well recognized. SMEs have been regarded as an important contributor to employment generation and wealth creation in developing economy.Ironically, however, SMEs have been discriminated against considering a raft of issues, In almost all countries, there is either a separate policy statement for SME (or for micro or cottage industries) or a general industrial policy statement with some potions of relating to SMEs. Philippines SME development policies that have been set in place may have been in light of major Philippine industrial development policies. Historically, the common thread that binds Philippine industrial policies has been the emphasis on policies regarding expansion of exports, increases in foreign investments, development of the snobby sector, and enhancement of domestic linkages. Moreover, there might have been industrial policies that may have been undermined SME development because inherent scale biases.Inroads regarding SME development have been realized in the economy thus far, but Philippines SMEs can still derive some lessons from t he Japanese experience, particularly Japanese practices regarding subcontracting and clustering. There is also a need to realize that it is now insufficient to address commonplace themes and roadblocks experienced by Philippine SMEs identified through historical experiences, Nowadays, it is inescapable to acknowledge the concerns regarding SMEs will have to be considered and addressed in light of globalization, which is most easily comprehended in terms of international trade. Bilateral trade cooperation is mutually beneficial.One way for Japan to encourage Philippine SME development, as part of bilateral trade cooperation, is to identify and to open some Japanese markets to Philippine SME exports. Hence, sector (or even sub-sector) identification in general, and product identification in particular, is a necessary first step to this end. The study of Salazar (1984) which was conducted among the 230 SMEs located in Region III, IV, NCR and VII in which the SMEs are located. The resul t of the study presented the economic factors practices adopted by the SMEs on cash forecasting, cash maintenance, sourcing of funds, allocation of borrowed funds and control measures fordaily operations. A study of Stan, Landry and Evans (2004) on boundary spanners satisfaction with organizational support services An internal communications perspective, offered insights into how internal communication by both managers and service providers impact a boundary spanners satisfaction with support services. The study used path analysis or structural equation modelling as a statistical tool. Results indicated that service provider and manager communications are largely complementary and that satisfaction with service outcomes, rather than service quality, appears to have an enduring impact upon a boundary spanners overall job satisfaction.Small and medium enterprises have long been building blocks of the Philippine economy comprising more than a majority of the total businesses operating in the country. Despite the numbers given and their contributions, many problems call the sector. One is in the aspect of the Economic Factors. Areas such as accounting systems, financing, working capital management and capital budgeting are some of the basic concerns of an SMEs which if not given the necessary attention could have an impact on the performance of the enterprise as a whole. The organizational performances of these enterprises are also dependent on these Economic Factors practices such as their competitive advantage, profitability, productivity, sustainability and innovation.