Customer Eccentricity

The core idea is to maximize customer value while minimizing waste. Simply, lean means creating more value for customers with fewer resources. A lean organization understands customer value and focuses its key processes to continuously increase it. The ultimate goal is to provide perfect value to the customer through a perfect value creation process that has zero waste.To accomplish this, lean thinking changes the focus of management from optimizing separate technologies, assets, and vertical departments to optimizing the flow of products and services through entire value streams that flow horizontally across technologies, assets, and departments to customers. Eliminating waste along entire value streams, instead of at isolated points, creates processes that need less human effort, less space, less capital, and less time to make products and services at far less costs and with much fewer defects, compared with traditional business systems.Companies are able to respond to changing cus tomer desires with high variety, high quality, low cost, and with very fast throughput times. Also, information management becomes much simpler and more accurate. A BRIEF HISTORY OF LEAN Although there are instances of rigorous process thinking in manufacturing all the way back to the Arsenal in Venice in the 1450s, the first person to truly integrate an entire production process was Henry Ford.At Highland Park, MI, in 1913 he married consistently interchangeable parts with standard work and moving conveyance to create what he called flow production. The public grasped this in the dramatic form of the moving assembly line, but from the standpoint of the manufacturing engineer the breakthroughs actually went much further. Ford lined up fabrication steps in process sequence wherever possible using special-purpose machines and go/no-go gauges to fabricate and assemble the components going into the vehicle within a few minutes, and deliver erfectly fitting components directly to line-si de. This was a truly revolutionary break from the shop practices of the American System that consisted of general-purpose machines grouped by process, which made parts that eventually found their way into finished products after a good bit of tinkering (fitting) in subassembly and final assembly. †¦ The problem with Ford’s system was not the flow: He was able to turn the inventories of the entire company every few days.Rather it was his inability to provide variety. The Model T was not just limited to one color. It was also limited to one specification so that all Model T chassis were essentially identical up through the end of production in 1926. (The customer did have a choice of four or five body styles, a drop-on feature from outside suppliers added at the very end of the production line. Indeed, it appears that practically every machine in the Ford Motor Company worked on a single part number, and there were essentially no changeovers. When the world wanted variety, including model cycles shorter than the 19 years for the Model T, Ford seemed to lose his way. Other automakers responded to the need for many models, each with many options, but with production systems whose design and fabrication steps regressed toward process areas with much longer throughput times.Over time they populated their fabrication shops with larger and larger machines that ran faster and faster, apparently lowering costs per process step, but continually increasing throughput times and inventories except in the rare case—like engine machining lines—where all of the process steps could be linked and automated. Even worse, the time lags between process steps and the complex part routings required ever more sophisticated information management systems culminating in computerized Materials Requirements Planning(MRP) systems .As Kiichiro Toyoda, Taiichi Ohno, and others at Toyota looked at this situation in the 1930s, and more intensely just after World War II , it occurred to them that a series of simple innovations might make it more possible to provide both continuity in process flow and a wide variety in product offerings. They therefore revisited Ford’s original thinking, and invented the Toyota Production System. This system in essence shifted the focus of the manufacturing engineer from individual machines and their utilization, to the flow of the product through the total process.Toyota concluded that by right-sizing machines for the actual volume needed, introducing self-monitoring machines to ensure quality, lining the machines up in process sequence, pioneering quick setups so each machine could make small volumes of many part numbers, and having each process step notify the previous step of its current needs for materials, it would be possible to obtain low cost, high variety, high quality, and very rapid throughput times to respond to changing customer desires. Also, information management could be made much simpler an d more accurate.PRINCIPLES OF LEAN The five-step thought process for guiding the implementation of lean techniques is easy to remember, but not always easy to achieve: 1. Specify value from the standpoint of the end customer by product family. 2. Identify all the steps in the value stream for each product family, eliminating whenever possible those steps that do not create value. 3. Make the value-creating steps occur in tight sequence so the product will flow smoothly toward the customer. 4. As flow is introduced, let customers pull value from the next upstream activity. . As value is specified, value streams are identified, wasted steps are removed, and flow and pull are introduced, begin the process again and continue it until a state of perfection is reached in which perfect value is created with no waste. LEAN ACTION PLAN While every individual or company embarking on a lean journey will have different challenges based on their particular set of circumstances, there are several crucial steps that can help reduce resistance, spread the right learning, and engender the type of commitment necessary for lean enterprise.Getting Started †¢Find a change agent, a leader who will take personal responsibility for the lean transformation. †¢Get the lean knowledge, via a sensei or consultant, who can teach lean techniques and how to implement them as part of a system, not as isolated programs. †¢Find a lever by seizing a crisis or by creating one to begin the transformation. If your company currently isn’t in crisis, focus attention on a lean competitor or find a lean customer or supplier who will make demands for dramatically better performance. Forget grand strategy for the moment. †¢Map the value streams, beginning with the current state of how material and information flow now, then drawing a leaner future state of how they should flow and creating an implementation plan with timetable. †¢Begin as soon as possible with an important and visible activity. †¢Demand immediate results. †¢As soon as you’ve got momentum, expand your scope to link improvements in the value streams and move beyond the shop floor to office processes.Creating an Organization to Channel Your Value Streams †¢Reorganize your firm by product family and value stream. †¢Create a lean promotion function. †¢Deal with excess people at the outset, and then promise that no one will lose their job in the future due to the introduction of lean techniques. †¢Devise a growth strategy. †¢Remove the anchor-draggers. †¢Once you’ve fixed something, fix it again. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Two steps forward and one step backward is O. K. ; no steps forward is not O. K. Install Business Systems to Encourage Lean Thinking †¢Utilize policy deployment. †¢Create a lean accounting system. †¢Pay your people in relation to the performance of your firm. †¢Make performance measures transparent. †¢Teac h lean thinking and skills to everyone. †¢Right-size your tools, such as production equipment and information systems. Completing the Transformation †¢Convince your suppliers and customers to take the steps just described. †¢Develop a lean global strategy. Convert from top-down leadership to leadership based on questioning, coaching, and teaching and rooted in the scientific method of plan-do-check-act . Integrate Six Sigma, Lean and Kaizen People spend months drilling the Six Sigma process and statistical tools 1-Sample Sign Test This is used to test the probability of a sample median being equal to hypothesized value. H0: m1=m2=m3=m4 (null hypothesis) Ha: At least one is different (alternate hypothesis)

Classical Music in Pop Culture Essay

There may just be a glimpse of good news for the music front. Recently I’ve heard numerous television commercials using pieces of classical music to display the message. Two of them, it must be stated, were for the same product, one of those so called daily vitamins. One had a piece of Wagner – the theme from Die Walkure – and the other accented a melody from Mozart’s Die Zauberflote. Actual operas, please note. And then another commercial for a table seasoning, set in a restaurant, had Bach’s BrandenBurg Concerto No. playing in the background. Could it be that a couple of advertising people have determined that pop music has lost some of its demand? I am lost in how these people go about determining what music to use, but it seems luminous that they would want whatever they choose to support the product image and not defer the people to whom they are trying to sell it. Yes, it is entirely possible to use music sarcastically , and perhaps thatâ€⠄¢s what is going on here. But to use a piece of Mozart sarcastically is still to expose the audience to a piece of Mozart, which in the normal way of things they may not encounter nywhere else. It’s hard to see how good this is but it can’t be that bad. Except for a single double sided cassette of Beethoven(which I accidently taped over one day) there was no classical music in the house when I was coming up. Whatever of that type of music I heard, I heard from television. And by â€Å"television† I don’t mean the likes of â€Å"Matlock. † No, my earliest introduction to music of the serious sort was from the soundtrack of cartoons. The animation studios of Walt Disney and Warner Brothers, among others drew freely on the library of fine music as background and sometimes even as foreground, as for xample when Bugs Bunny or Elmer Fudd appeared as the conductor of a symphony orchestra. Even when Bugs was the subversive rather than the highbrow, the music came through. I didnâ₠¬â„¢t hear too much in school, either which is a shame. As I recollect the musical interludes in school consisted of taking out little books of songs and singing â€Å"Jack and Jill† and other similar songs. Some kids played in the band and soaked up some music that way; being the class clown and lack of interest at the time, rendered me unfit for that path. But eventually I grew an interest in the drums and arching music, and started watching DCI(Drum Corps International), videos on YouTube. Doesn’t it seem, though, that good music is something that might be included into the school day? It does not have to be studied academically or formally â€Å"appreciated. † Just made available, as one might play little league football. Start early enough, and maybe boys won’t pretend to be sick at the sound of a violin. I’ve seen a couple of new commercials and they do succeed in making me take notice. I’m not going to buy those vitamin or the table seasonings, but I hope those who are inclined to do so wil l form a ositive association with some good music. Writing this paper I was really forced to think about classical music and not only is relevance in pop culture but also its contribution to pop culture. So I started my research and started seeing a lot about classical music and therapy. By the minute classical music is being incorporated into mainstream society. According to a research published in a alternative therapy medicine issue of the Journal of Clinical Nursing, classical music can reduce psychological stress among pregnant women. Researchers at the college nursing program at Kaohsiung Medical University conducted a study in which they randomly assigned a group of women to classical music group and another to a country music group. â€Å"the classical music group showed significant reductions in stress, anxiety, and depression after just two weeks, using three established measurement scales†(Chung-Hey). Followed by â€Å"in comparison, the country music group showed a much smaller reduction in stress while there anxiety and depression scores showed little or no improvement.

Ethical-legal issues as an Advanced Practice Nurse Assignment

Ethical-legal issues as an Advanced Practice Nurse - Assignment Example Therefore, their liability and accountability levels are unmatchable with those of other nurse practitioners. Further, they act within their competence limits as well as their boundaries limits. Ethics, also referred to as moral laws are mainly concerned with fundamental principles distinguishing between right and wrong, defining what people ought to do. Ethics purposely inform our judgements, offering guidance to individual on making decisions on how to best act in any situation. Westrick & Dempski (2009) observe that accepted ethical theories, practices and frameworks offer guidance on how people ought to act in an ethical manner, and all binds advanced nurse practitioners. It is an expectation of the advanced practitioners to make their individual judgements about what they perceive as best for their individuals. While making any form of decisions, ethical theories and principles bind their actions. While ethics is broad and offer a brief summary of exactly how they purposively should undertake their actions, advanced nursing practitioners feel that their roles are ethically demanding from their very own nature. Law on the other hand is a system of rules governing a particular society with the main intention of upholding social order, justice system as well as preventing any form of either harm to individuals or public and private property. Law systems often base their principles on ethical or religious principles. It is the duty of the police as well as the criminal systems such as the courts of law to enforce law in a jurisdiction. Different laws govern the healthcare, which seek to protect the public from any harm from healthcare givers. Therefore, advanced nursing practitioners have to be more knowledgeable on the relevant legislations guiding their actions (Kelly & Tazbir,

Managing Financial Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Financial Resources - Essay Example Proper accounting supports company officials while they make these decisions, showing them whether or not an investment will be practical, and if the company can afford it. Ethical and professional accounting forms a clear financial image of a business, and allows managers to make informed decisions, keeps investors abreast of developments in the business, and keeps the business profitable. The business performance of a company can be monitored and analysed with the use of accounting ratios. The ratios are used to interpret financial information about the company. The results can be compared with past results or with industry standards to gauge the company's overall performance. The quantitative results for this segment can be found in the Appendices section of this report. Company A's Current Ratio is 1.17, while Company B has 1.03 and Company C resulted in 2.5. This means that all three companies are still able to generate enough cash to settle its short-term liabilities. As a guide, a current ratio of 2 is ideal. For Company C, its result is higher than the ideal guideline and this suggests that Company C may have resources lying idle, for instance, the untimely collection of its receivables. A better ratio to consider when looking at the liquidity of the companies would be the Liquidity Ratio. This ratio does not take into account the companies' stocks, which can be difficult to value and which can be obsolete. Debt-Equity Ratio This assesses the financial risk of a company. A high gearing ratio poses risks if a company is unable to meet its financial obligations as this can very well lead to bankruptcy. Therefore, it is important that this is constantly monitored. Debt-Equity Ratio = Total Long Term Debt / Total Equity The Gearing Ratios for all Companies A, B and C are quite low at 9.2%, 8.1% and 15.4% respectively and the results should not cause an alarm. However, it is good to note that the companies should have a balanced mix of equity and debt to finance its operations. Return on Asset There are several ratios available that can measure the ability of a company to generate profits from its sales. These include Gross Profit Margin, Return on Assets and Return on Equity. A good profit margin is essential in any form of business to ensure there is always enough cash to run its operations. Thus, it is also important that receivables are collected on a timely basis. Return on Asset is a type of profitability ratio and measures the level of profit compared to the value of net assets invested in your business. Return on Assets = Net Income / Total Assets The profitability of all three companies is sound. The Return on Assets are 1.7%, 1.3% and 3.3% for Companies A, B and C respectively. It can be seen that Company C generates the highest return on its assets, whereas Companies A and B are

Anything Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Anything - Essay Example In order for one to get good housing the amount of money he is paid becomes a factor. This essay will examine the trends in house inequalities and the financial position of an individual in details. The constant gap in house ownership rates between whites and black has continued to increase though barriers in homeownership for the minority groups were lifted long time ago. The current housing policy now targets minority homeownership with the specific intention of closing the gap in house ownership among different groups. The informal development of urban land which was traditionally perceived as an important way through which the poorest residents of the urban centers got shelter. This has changed since increasingly middle, and high-income households are buying land informally for housing. It is clear that those workers who are able to learn new working skills especially in technology will benefit from higher salaries. But on the other hand those who are used to carrying out routine jobs which can be handled by computers and robots will be competing with few jobs or will be pushed into low-skill jobs and hence it will be difficult for them to afford buying better houses (Tally 22). Opportunities for middle-income households to purchase a house on the formal market are limited. Those who come from the families with low income struggle to construct low-cost housing though this is hindered by fluctuations in the price and availability of raw materials which increases construction time and expenses and can stretch the budgets of the developer beyond the monetary capability of the scheme. High monthly costs in both the rental and ownership markets compared to low land prices has encouraged middle-income households to seek shelter through informal channels. Growing demand for informal land has thus placed pressure on supply, resulting in rising land prices, effectively reducing accessibility by

TVR chapter 5 and 6 journal entries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TVR chapter 5 and 6 journal entries - Essay Example as young as 2 years old, like, for instance, The Triplets: Christmas Special, as well as for a much more mature audience, as the movie About Schmidt starring Jack Nicholson as an aging man approaching retirement and coming to terms with his life. The movie medium is now taking over most of the entertainment industry medium, with books being sidelined as a secondary source of entertainment, and every book, in a way, claiming to be a movie in the making. Additionally, more and more individuals are taking up movie making, as they perceive it to be a medium through which they would be able to express their true selves and emit their ideas to other individuals. In a day and age where each not only has a story to tell, but wants to share it with as large an audience as possible, it is only logical that such individuals will reach out to the movie industry, an industry that reaches the maximum number of audience. Professional movies, with a director, producer, and cinematographer, try to be as creative as possible and tell a story, but, with the use of a camcorder and a connection to the Internet, individuals like Chris Crocker on YouTube expressing his views about Britney Spears aim to present themselves as their true selves. This use of the medium can have both positive and negative effects on its audience, as the way a situation is perceived varies from individual to individual. Moreover, such platforms for â€Å"movie making†, so to speak, normally end up not serving the audience, but causing them to be frustrated. Notwithstanding the movie platform is a great source of entertainment to the public as well as a platform to raise social issues, it can be used to merely document the mundane routine of one’s life, as is often seen on YouTube. YouTube, in my personal experience, can be, and often is, used for uploading mundane videos about people who have no clue what they are talking about, simply wanting their voices to be heard, or wanting to get noticed.

Glo bus simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Glo bus simulation - Essay Example technologies ever cognizant that the imaging industry evolves so quickly that emerging technology could easily render a prevailing technology obsolete and irrelevant. A5 Digital Camera Co. also caters to market where it can strategically position its product favorably that would highlight its advantages as a company allowing it to profit and grow while developing new technologies as a foresight to the ever changing future. The markets that A5 Digital Camera identified where it can leverage its position are both the end-user hobbyist and the professional photographer. These markets prove to be favorable to A5 Digital Camera due to its sheer size and relatively new market considering that digital camera industry is still relatively in its nascent stage. The room to explore new market among end users is still considerable allowing further growth for the company. In addition, it can still develop new markets of which A5 Digital Camera could be a pioneer by introducing new technologies that is considered cutting edge in the digital imaging industry. To ensure that the market will remain relevant in the market, A5 Digital Camera will develop its core competencies and product lines to make each and every process in the company create value for the customer. A5 Digital Camera will also continue to seek new markets and identify areas in the market that has not been fully covered or served by the competitors. Better yet, identify markets that have not been discovered by the competitors. These markets will provide invaluable opportunities for A5 Digital Camera to dominate these markets and acquire market share with the least competition. In addition to seeking emerging and unexplored markets, A5 Digital Camera will also identify markets that have few competitions and ventured by small players where A5 Digital Camera can exploit its size and advantages to challenge the existing players. This will allow A5 Digital Camera to acquire new markets and/or widen its market

Hristian theology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hristian theology - Research Paper Example The central theological event that defines the religious center of Christianity is the event of the crucifixion with the subsequent resurrection. The basic concept of Christian belief is that Jesus died on the cross to take the burden of sin from mankind and was then reborn in order to activate salvation for those who believe. Salvation is a matter of belief and is not earned through good acts. Another important belief is that when Christ died, the curtain was torn in the temple, thus opening communication between God and his people without the need of an intermediary priest. However, Catholicism still maintains the intermediary between the flock and God through their priests. According to Smith, â€Å"Faith in Jesus’ resurrection produced the Church and its Christology† (324). The resurrection is the event that signals the divinity of Christ. According to Thiessen, there are several reasons that the resurrection is important. The first is that through the witness of th e apostles of the events of the resurrection, truth must be believed otherwise the recorded events are a fallacy that strips all of the rest of the history of its truth. In other words, if one aspect is false, it puts into question all of the other aspects of the story of the life of Jesus. The second reason is that in rising from the dead, Jesus was then able to â€Å"baptize the believer in the Holy Spirit† (Thiessen 243). In Romans, Paul makes clear that through the resurrection, man is reconciled with God, thus providing for salvation (Thiessen 244). Baptism, an act in which water is either sprinkled, poured, or within which a person is immersed, provides an introduction of the person into the supernatural world through the... This paper demonstrates the Christian religion. The basic theology of the Christian religion is based upon the stories of the four Gospels which create a structure in which the life of Jesus is revealed. The birth of Jesus is told to have occurred as a miracle of conception. Mary is said to have been a virgin when she became pregnant. Near the time she must give birth, Mary and her husband Joseph traveled to his native home in Bethlehem in order to register in a census. As there is no room in the inn, they are given space in a stable to spend the night where Mary gives birth to her son. The central theological event that defines the religious center of Christianity is the event of the crucifixion with the subsequent resurrection. The basic concept of Christian belief is that Jesus died on the cross to take the burden of sin from mankind and was then reborn in order to activate salvation for those who believe. Salvation is a matter of belief and is not earned through good acts. Anothe r important belief is that when Christ died, the curtain was torn in the temple, thus opening communication between God and his people without the need of an intermediary priest. However, Catholicism still maintains the intermediary between the flock and God through their priests. While there are a great number of theological discussions available about the nature of Christianity, the basic stories of his being exalted at birth, of his ministry, the crucifixion and resurrection define the central being of Jesus as the core of the nature of salvation.

Internet Services Demand and Supply Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Internet Services Demand and Supply - Coursework Example It has changed every aspect of human life from studying, working to shopping and socializing. Therefore Internet services have proliferated in every part of this world and its demand is growing every day. In all countries, the governments are increasingly emphasizing on promoting universal broadband services, i.e. supply of Internet services to 100 percent households. The focus is specifically on the supply of high-speed Internet activity via big business houses to enhance global competitiveness. Due to increased infrastructure, urban areas enjoy economies of scale thus making it more convenient for Internet service providers to supply connection to all households. However, the same situation is not in rural areas and therefore broadband supply to all households is currently not possible (Galloway, 2007, p.641). In this era of the Internet, it has become obvious that sound knowledge of Internet services can lead to success in business, education, research and other avenues. Therefore the demand of the Internet has become high even in rural areas and in every domestic household. The availability of Broadband (high-speed) services has brought revolutionary changes in the demand for Internet services. It is important that the supply of Internet remains equal in all areas. Prieger (2003) has surveyed and concluded that the supply of broadband services is not equal in all areas and there is the low availability of the services in rural areas inhabited by poor and minority communities. The other result of this survey is that low supply of Internet in rural areas is due to the low demand in these areas because of market size and low knowledge of computers. A study has construed that broadband services will be unavailable in almost 12 percent of U.S. households because of lack of demand whose one co ntributory factor is the cost of Internet services (Prieger, 2003, p.347).

Social Media and Its Impact on Our Privacy Today Essay Example for Free

Social Media and Its Impact on Our Privacy Today Essay According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary Privacy is the quality or state of being apart from company or observation. Ever since the creation of Facebook, Twitter and other Social Media Outlets privacy has been non-existent. One can be astonished that the definition of privacy still exists since the introduction and existence of Social Media. Social Media erased the concept of privacy in our day to day lives. Imagine the convenience of friends, family and your Facebook or Twitter family knowing everything about your day, mood and whereabouts; in this day and age the world also knows what you’re eating, when and where. How did this happen Facebook started off as a connection platform for college students. To share updates, experiences and an advanced friend database based on education. Shortly after it became open to everyone and instead of being a place to stay connected it became a virtual diary of one’s day, vacation and life. It wasn’t enough that Facebook statuses were general. The world was now introduced to Twitter with a play by play updates on one’s daily life. According to character Father Brendan Flynn: â€Å"Doubt can be a bond as powerful and sustaining as certainty. When you are lost, you are not alone. †(Doubt). When everyone is able to follow your posts and location on Facebook you’re not lost, on the contrary you are found. When everyone is able to read you’re constantly updated tweets you are not lost. With Social Media uncovering our personal lives to the world we are not lost we are however alone. Since Social Media makes it easy to â€Å"share† our experiences ironically we become alone as there is no need for physical interaction with friends and family. So what do we do? How do we overcome Social Media and retain our privacy again when Facebook and Twitter have been such an integral part of our lives with advertising, personal updates and virtual sharing? According to Audrey Siegel, media agency Target Cast President â€Å"You don’t have any control, quite honestly†. Social Media is here to stay with its’ good and bad, however it is up to us to control and regain our privacy.

Hoofdonderwerp: drugs in de sport

Hoofdonderwerp: drugs in de sport Inleiding We hebben voor het onderwerp drugsgebruik (in de sport) gekozen, omdat we meer willen weten over de effecten van drugs op het menselijk lichaam en wat voor schade dit een mens aan kan richten. Sporten spreekt ons beiden heel erg aan, vandaar dat we voor de combinatie drugsgebruik in de sport hebben gekozen. In de sport hoor je steeds meer over het gebruik van een drugs om de prestaties te verbeteren, zoals bijvoorbeeld EPO in het wielrennen. Wij willen gaan uitzoeken waardoor de drugs de prestaties van een mens kan verbeteren, maar vooral ook waarom sommige drugs schadelijk kunnen zijn voor de gezondheid. Het is ook een zeer actueel onderwerp, kijk maar naar bijvoorbeeld de verdediger van Sevilla, Puerta , die door gebruik van EPO plots in mekaar zakte op het voetbalveld, zonder enig contact met een tegenstander. Er kon ook meteen geconstateerd worden dat het om de drugs EPO ging. Door dit soort nieuws heeft het ons aangetrokken wat de drugs met een lichaam kan doen en dit willen wij dus gaan uitzoeken. Algemene informatie over drugs (doping) in sport Waarom gebruiken sporters doping? Het is voor een normaal mens erg belangrijk om een uitstekende conditie te hebben en dus voor topsporters helemaal. Zij moet keer op keer een topprestatie kunnen leveren. Dit doen sporters meestal door een evenwichtige balans van rust, voeding en beweging. Als sporters dan doping toevoegen aan bijvoorbeeld hun voeding, dan heeft dit meestal een gunstig effect op hun prestaties. Maar hoe werkt die doping nou eigenlijk? Sportprestaties, die voor een groot deel zijn terug te voeren tot spierprestaties, vereisen een in optimaal verkerend spierstelsel dat ze op de juiste manier moet worden onderhouden. Hierbij heeft een scheikundig proces een grote invloed. De voeding die de spieren uit het bloed haalt bestaat voornamelijk uit suikers, met name druivensuiker. Deze suikers worden in de spieren verbrand tot melkzuur. Deze stof wordt beschouwd als een soort vermoeidheidsstof die via de bloedbaan overal in het lichaam komt, en dus ook in de hersenen. Dit vermoeidheidsverschijnsel dient niet a lleen om het wegspoelen van stofwisselingsproducten te bevorderen maar ook om rust te geven aan de lichaamscellen. Een sporter komt dan op het dode punt en raakt volledig uitgeput en dreigt in elkaar te zakken. Er zijn echter ervaren topsporters die weten dat ze dit dode punt kunnen overwinnen. Dit doen ze door hun reserve-energie vrij te maken. Maar ook al kunnen sporters dit, er blijft altijd een moment wanneer de hersenen een einde maken aan onze inspanningen, dit doen de hersenen om het lichaam te behoeden tegen overbelasting. Dit is het moment waarop de doping sporters kan helpen. De meeste doping schakelt namelijk het alarmsysteem van de hersenen uit waardoor sporters langer door kunnen gaan. Als het alarmsysteem uitgeschakeld is wordt het lichaam enorm op de proef gesteld zonder dat je het voelt, want je voelt bijvoorbeeld geen pijn, duizeligheid en vermoeidheid. Ook de levensnoodzakelijke lichaamsreserves worden nu zonder waarschuwing opgebruikt, dit leid vaak tot vergiftigi ngsverschijnselen. De meeste dopinggevallen komen voor in het wielrennen en beroepsvoetbal. Het gebruik van doping werd ontdekt doordat wielrenners of voetballers opeens morsdood neervielen, zonder enige doodsoorzaak. Dit kwam doordat de eerste doping nog niet echt goed was waardoor de sporters dus hun volledige reserves verbrandde. Doping kan ook heel negatieve psychische effecten hebben, zoals verslaving en depressie. Dit gebeurd doordat een sporter beseft dat hij zonder doping niet goed genoeg is. Wat zijn de meest voor komende drugs in sport? Je hebt verschillende soorten drugs die voor verschillende dingen kunnen dienen, sommige drugs benvloeden je gevoelens, bijvoorbeeld marihuana. Andere dienen voor betere prestaties, deze drugs worden veel in de sport gebruikt, dit is echter strafbaar en het kan slecht aflopen, met bijvoorbeeld hartaanvallen. Hieronder staan drugs die veel gebruikt worden in de sport, vanwege verbeterende prestaties van de sporter die de drugs gebruikt of heeft gebruikt. -EPO (erytropoà «tine) -Anabolica -Cocane -(ARA)NESP -HemAssist, -Oxyglobine -RSR-13 -Gentherapie -Amfetamine EPO (erytropoà «tine) Een van de belangrijkste functies van bloed is het transporteren van zuurstof door het lichaam. De rode bloedcellen in ons lichaam binden de zuurstof die tijdens de ademhaling wordt opgenomen. Het gedeelte dat het zuurstof bind heet hemoglobine. Hemoglobine is een roodgekleurd eiwit. EPO staat voor etytropoà «tine, het bestaat uit een eiwitgedeelte en een koolhydraatgedeelte. EPO is een hormoon dat als functie het controleren en stimuleren van de productie van rode bloedcellen in het beenmerg heeft. In het beenmerg zijn EPO cellen de voorstadia van rode bloedcellen. Het heeft twee belangrijke functies voor deze cellen: het bevorderen van een snellere productie en het handhaven van de levensvatbaarheid. Als er een tekort aan zuurstof in de weefsels is zorgt EPO ervoor dat er nieuwe, jonge rode bloedcellen gevormd worden. EPO reguleert dus de vorming van rode bloedcellen in het beenmerg. Sporters gebruiken deze doping om een betere prestatie te kunnen leveren. Dankzij EPO kunnen ze me er zuurstof in hun bloed opnemen en dus langer presteren (ze verzuren minder snel) EPO wordt door het menselijk lichaam zelf aangemaakt, maar het kan tegenwoordig ook in laboratoria gefabriceerd worden. Het is alleen werkzaam als het ingespoten wordt. Als je EPO zou inslikken door middel van een pil dan wordt het gewoon verteerd. Dan komt het dus niet in het bloed en is het dus ook niet werkzaam. Het effect van ingespoten EPO kan ongeveer drie maanden duren. EPO heeft ook nadelen. Het risico van het toedienen van EPO is dat het bloed te stroperig en dik kan worden. Hierdoor loopt de sporter een verhoogd risico op een hartaanval, een beroerte of trombose. Dit is waarschijnlijk ook de doodsoorzaak van de in het voorwoord genoemde Puerta. EPO wordt vooral gebruikt in de duurstort. Dus vooral in het wielrennen, zwemmen en in de loopsport. Het veroorzaakt zoals gezegd vooral een verbetering van het uithoudingsvermogen, en niet van de spierkracht. Bekende EPO-zondaars zijn Richard Virenqu e en David Millar, dit zijn bij de profwielrenners. Er zijn ook natuurlijke manieren om het effect van EPO te kunnen evenaren, bovendien hoeven hier ook geen injecties voor worden te gebruikt. Een van de manieren om het op een natuurlijke manier maken is trainen op grote hoogte. Door de lagere hoeveelheid zuurstof in de lucht, stimuleert het lichaam de aanmaak van extra rode bloedcellen. Dit gebeurt echter niet zoveel als EPO dat doet, het bloed wordt ook niet dikker. Een voordeel van deze methode is dat ook de longen en het hart sterker worden, dit komt door het trainen op hoogte. Ze moeten dan harder werken en worden dus krachtiger. Anabolica Anabolen zijn een drugs die ervoor zorgt dat je spieren meer eiwitten aanmaken, waardoor de spieren sterker worden en in omvang toenemen, omdat ze veel sneller groeien. Deze drug wordt gebruikt door sporters die hun spierkracht en explosiviteit willen vergroten. Daarom zal deze drug veel worden gebruikt in een sport waarbij veel spierkracht vereist is, zoals bijvoorbeeld bodybuilding, rugby en boksen. Gebruikers van anabolen, gebruiken ook diuretica (plaspillen), hierdoor verliezen ze gewicht. De reden dat dit door bijvoorbeeld boksers gebruikt wordt, is omdat ze dan in een lagere gewichtsklasse kunnen boksen. Bij sporters die anabolen gebruiken, moet je niet alleen aan de vechtsport denken, maar het wordt ook veel in de atletiek gebruikt, bij bijvoorbeeld sprinters of verspringers. Hun kunnen de explosieve kracht vooral gebruiken voor de korte afstanden. Het middel nandrolon (anabolica) zorgt ervoor dat je na een zware inspanning heel snel hersteld. Jaap Stam, Edgar Davids en Frank de boer zijn betrapt op gebruik van dit middel. Nandrolon komt ook vaak voor in voedingssupplementen, ze hadden als reden gebruikt dat het middel bij hun was aangetroffen, omdat ze vervuilde voedingssupplementen hadden geslikt. Er zijn dus bepaalde voordelen van anabolen, zoals een veel grotere kracht, wat zal leiden tot grotere spierkracht, grotere spiermassa. Maar de voordelen kunnen lang niet opwegen tegen de nadelen. Er zijn ontzettend veel bijwerkingen door het gebruik van anabolen. Anabolen veroorzaken vierhonderd keer meer bijwerkingen dan alle medicijnen bij elkaar (titel van een artikel) Een paar van de bijwerkingen zijn: *haaruitval *vaak en langdurige hoofdpijn *verslechtering van de ademhaling *borstontwikkeling (bij mannen) *optreden van levertumoren *door een vergroting van de spiermassa, wordt het risico van spierbeschadiging aanzienlijk groter *lagere stem *grote kans op nierziektes (nierstenen) *last van de blaas, vaker naar toilet *geen volledige botontwikkeling (bij onvolgroeide botten) *vergrote kans op hartaandoeningen *bijwerkingen m.b.t genitalià «n *veel last van acne *psychische bijwerkingen zoals, agressie, depressie en slaapstoornissen ( meest voorkomende bijwerkingen) Er zijn nog wel wat bijwerkingen, maar dit zijn de meest opvallende. Je ziet dus dat de voordelen lang niet zo groot zijn als de nadelen van het gebruik van anabolen. Je zou denken dat als je zo de nadelen op een rijtje zet amper gebruik wordt gemaakt van deze drug. Dit is niet juist uit de onderstaande figuur kun je afleiden dat er wel degelijk wat gebruik gemaakt wordt van anabolen. Anabolengebruik per leeftijd Ook kun je afleiden dat er vanaf het 16e levensjaar het gebruik redelijk begint toe te nemen. Maar de leeftijdsgroep tussen de 18 en 26 maken verreweg het meeste gebruik van anabolen. Na deze leeftijden neemt het gebruik flink af. Cocane De meeste mensen kennen cocane alleen als een recreatief middel maar het wordt echter ook gebruikt in de sportwereld. De meest voorkomende effecten van cocane zijn: een sterk opwekkend effect, het vergeten van je zorgen, je krijgt een energieboost, en je bent bijna gevoelloos (dus je voelt bijna geen pijn) Dus als sporters een grote prestatie moeten leveren kan het helpen om cocane te gebruiken. (ARA)NESP, HemAssist, Oxyglobine en RSR-13 Deze drugs worden genoemd als de opvolgers van doping en hebben ongeveer dezelfde werking. Het zuurstoftransport wordt door EPO verbetert en ook door bovengenoemde drugs, dat hebben ze met elkaar gemeen. Een nieuwe methode is het toedienen van bloeddoping, hierbij wordt bloed, rode bloedcellen of verwante bloedproducten bij de sporter genjecteerd. Gentherapie Sporters zouden ook gentherapie kunnen gebruiken om hun lichaam te herconstrueren voor prestatieverbetering. In de tabel hieronder staan enkele genen die de sportprestaties zouden kunnen verbeteren. Amfetamine (speed) Amfetamine is een synthetische drug, het is beter bekend als speed. Amfetamine is zeer verslavend, vooral omdat mensen lusteloos worden als ze het niet gebruiken. Het werkt stimulerend en zorgt dat je slapeloos wordt. De lust tot eten of drinken word minder, daardoor werd het vroeger nog gebruikt als vermageringsmiddel maar tegenwoordig is het verboden. Amfetaminegebruik kan leiden tot ernstige lichamelijk problemen zoals hart en leverfalen. Het heeft ook psychische bijeffecten, je kunt er paranode van worden. Amfetamine is een zogenaamd sympathicomimeticum; het bootst de werking van het sympathische zenuwstelsel na. In het sympathische zenuwstelsel werken belangrijke neurotransmitters als noradrenaline en adrenaline. Amfetamine zorgt ervoor dat deze stoffen extra veel vrijkomen. De activering van het sympathische zenuwstelsel vindt normaalgesproken plaats bij gevaar of spanning. Het lichaam moet dan snel kunnen reageren, de stofwisseling is dan even minder belangrijk en het hongergevoel verdwijnt. Als je amfetamine gebruikt, krijg je dus veel energie, ga je veel praten en kun je last hebben van onwillekeurige bewegingen van het lichaam. Men zweet ook meer en kan hoofdpijn krijgen. Het wordt dus als doping gebruikt omdat je er meer energie van krijgt. Waar komt het woord doping vandaan? Het woord doping is afkomstig uit Engeland. In Zuid-Oost Afrika werd een sterke drank gebruikt als een stimulerend middel, deze drank heette dop. In 1889 komt het echte woord doping voor het eerst voor in een Engels woordenboek. Methodes toediening doping Doping kan op verschillende manier worden toegediend. Wij laten hier een aantal methodes zien hoe men de doping in het lichaam krijgt. Bloeddoping Als een sporter bloeddoping wil gebruiken dan laat hij zes tot twaalf weten voor de wedstrijd bloed aftappen. Het gevolg hiervan is dat ze gaan trainen met een kleiner bloedvolume. Op de dag van de wedstrijd laten de sporters hun eerder afgetapte bloed weer inbrengen door middel van een infuus. Dankzij dit nieuwe bloed neemt het bloedvolume à ©n het hemoglobinegehalte in het bloed toe. Hierdoor kunnen de sporters meer zuurstof opnemen en hebben ze dus een groter uithoudingsvermogen. Het is natuurlijk niet zo gek dat bloeddoping vaak bij duurlopers wordt aangetroffen. Het is ook mogelijk om donorbloed te gebruiken in plaats van het eigen bloed, het nadeel hiervan is echter dat er een risico is op virusinfecties, allergische reacties en afstoot reacties. De algemene bijwerkingen van bloeddoping zijn: bloedstolsels, koorts en koude rillingen. Farmacologische, chemische en fysieke manipulatie Farmacologische, chemische en fysieke manipulatie dienen ervoor om de betrouwbaarheid van de tijdens de dopingcontrole afgenomen urine te benvloeden. Een voorbeeld hiervan is het afgeven van oude of andermans urine, of het toevoegen van stoffen aan de afgegeven urine. Ook het gebruik van epitestosteron, dat het gebruik van testosteron verhult en diuretica vallen onder deze groep. Het IOC stelt manipulatie van een dopingcontrole gelijk aan het gebruik van doping. Waarom is doping slecht? * Doping is oneerlijk. Bij een echte wedstrijd gaat het erom wie de beste, sterkste of snelste is. Als er dan doping wordt gebruikt door een paar sporters, dan worden de niet-dopinggebruikers de dupe. Er is dan geen gelijke kans meer. * Doping kan gevaarlijk zijn. Dat zien we doordat sommige dopinggebruikers een wedstrijd niet overleven. Het lichaam wordt door de doping zo erg uitgeput en vergiftigd dat dit tot gevaar kan leiden. * Doping kan ook andere sporters in gevaar brengen. Als er bijvoorbeeld een wielerrenner ten val komt door zijn dopinggebruik, kunnen heel veel andere renners ten val komen als ze over de desbetreffende renner heen vallen Controles Sporters en doping, het lijkt nooit op de houden. De sporters en organisaties/sponsors hebben er natuurlijk dagelijks mee te maken. En de jacht naar dopinggebruikers is heviger dan ooit. Wat spookt de sporter uit, ook als hij alleen maar traint. En wat doet de sporter dan? De sporters zelf huiveren, waar blijft hun privacy? Zijn ze bij voorbaat al verdacht? Maar de dopingjagers kennen geen genade. Ze verzinnen telkens nieuwe listen. In de topsport willen dopingcontroleurs altijd weten waar een atleet zich bevind, zo kunnen ze hem onverwachts controleren. Dat is nodig, omdat doping vaak tijdens trainingsperioden wordt gebruikt om conditie en kracht op te bouwen. De dopingcontroleurs hebben als doel dat de topsport dopingvrij wordt en dat er gelijke regels komen voor sporters in alle landen. Veel sporters vinden de strenge meldregels maar niets en vinden de controles een inbreuk in hun privacy. Dat er ook veel gecontroleerd wordt in voetbal en hockey vinden de beoefenaars maar raar. Zij vinden dat het meer moeite kost dan dat het oplevert. Er is wel een plan dat sporters zelf mogen bepalen welk uur van de dag ze beschikbaar zijn voor controles. De controleurs vinden dit een redelijk compromis, waar de sporters goed mee zouden kunnen leven. Als een sporter dit ook niet wil heeft hij een probleem. Bescherming van privacy is belangrijk, maar het gaat ook om de schone sport. Als je naar dopingcontroles kijkt is er wat betreft het aantal dopingcontroles doorgaans een groot verschil tussen dopinggevoelige en andere sporten. Dit blijkt uit een ronde langs dertig topsporters. Schaatsen en wielrennen steken er in Nederland met kop en schouders bovenuit als het gaat om de meeste controles. Bij de meest dopinggevoelige sporten spelen zaken als uithoudingsvermogen en kracht vaak een doorslaggevende rol. Prestatiebevorderende middelen hebben, zo blijkt uit onderzoek, hebben daar meer effect dan in de zogenoemde spelsporten of behendigheidssporten waar zaken als inzicht en techniek geregeld doorslaggevend zijn. Het blijkt dat wielrenners gemiddeld twintig keer per seizoen gecontroleerd worden, dit gebeurd dan meestal rond wedstrijden. Ook als een topsporter bijvoorbeeld wereldkampioen is kan hij veel meer controles verwachten. Een goed voorbeeld van een sporter die vorig seizoen enorm veel gewonnen heeft is de schaatser Sven Kramer. Hij zegt dat hij vorig seizoen zo ongeveer vijfentwintig keer gecontroleerd is! Behalve voor wielrennen en schaatsen gelden ook atletiek en zwemmen als dopinggevoelige sporten. Zij zijn na de wielrenners en schaatsers de sporters die het meest gecontroleerd worden. Ook in deze sporten geldt dat hoe dichter een atleet de wereldtop nadert, hoe vaker de controleur langskomt. Na deze sporten volgt het voetbal als meest geteste sport, maar hier verschilt het aantal tests per individuele sporter. Ajacied George Ogararu zegt dit jaar twee keer gecontroleerd te zijn, terwijl Klaas-Jan Huntelaar in zijn hele loopbaan slechts vier keer een plas heeft moeten inleveren. De controleurs * De Nederlandse Dopingautoriteit, in Capelle aan de IJssel, voerde vorig jaar 2.825 controles uit. De kosten daarvan bedroegen meer dan 780 duizend euro. * De Dopingautoriteit controleert een groep sporters van 59 bonden, waarbij het niveau (nationale top) het criterium is: van biljart tot voetbal. * Sporters die een Nederlandse controleur treffen, hebben altijd iemand tegenover zich die in dienst is van de Dopingautoriteit. Maar de opdrachtgever is niet altijd hetzelfde. Verreweg de meeste controles (2.211 in het jaar 2006) hebben plaats in het kader van het nationale antidopingprogramma, gefinancierd door de sportkoepel NOC*NSF. * Daarnaast krijgt de Dopingautoriteit ook van (internationale) sportfederaties opdrachten. In het jaar 2006 gebeurde dat in totaal 614 keer. De Dopingautoriteit voerde in 2006 uitsluitend urinecontroles uit. Dat gebeurde in 33 procent van de gevallen rondom trainingen of bij sporters thuis. Tegen 52 sporters (41 mannen en 11 vrouwen) werd een zaak aanhangig gemaakt wegens overtreding van de reglementen. De krachtsporten waren daarin het best vertegenwoordigd als het ging om prestatiebevorderende middelen. Vijf rugbyers hadden in hun urine sporen die wezen op het gebruik van cannabis, cocane of amfetamine. In totaal werden twaalf sporters betrapt op het roken van een jointje, drie op het gebruik van cocane. * Soms zijn er in Nederland ook buitenlandse dopingcontroleurs actief. Die werken voor de mobiele brigades van de internationale sportfederaties. * Naast de NOC*NSF (internationale) sportfederaties kunnen ook particuliere organisaties opdracht geven tot controles. Het bekendste voorbeeld daarvan is de organisatie van de Ronde van Frankrijk (Tour de France). In Nederland onderwerpt onder meer de Rabo-wielerploeg zijn renners aan dopingcontroles. Ons onderzoek: Interviewen van bepaalde sportmensen Om verder in te gaan op het gebruik van doping in de sport gaan we een paar verschillende interviews opnemen bij verschillende sporters, zodat we dieper ingaan op het gebruik van drugs in verband met de sport. Ook willen we meer te weten komen over de ervaringen die sporters opdoen in hun sport, gedurende hun loopbaan. Door verschillende type sporters te ondervragen kunnen we de verschillen in het drugsgebruik in een bepaalde tak van de sportwereld onderzoeken. Zo komen we bijvoorbeeld tot de conclusie dat er in het wielrennen meer gebruik gemaakt wordt van drugs dan in de atletiek. De verschillende interviews vergelijken we dan en hieruit kunnen we weer bepaalde dingen afleiden. Interview voor profielwerkstuk Wat is de invloed van doping in sport Beste Jack van Hulten, Wij (Jasper Kerstes en Bob van Asten) moeten voor school een profielwerkstuk maken. Hiervoor moeten we ook onderzoek doen, dit doen we door middel van interviews. Het onderwerp is drugs (doping) in sport. We interviewen U omdat we dit onderwerp willen bekijken vanuit verschillende takken van sport. We vragen U om de vragen zo uitgebreid mogelijk te beantwoorden. 1.Hoelang fluit u al? Ik fluit vanaf sinds augustus 1987 amateurs en betaald voetbal vanaf 1 juli 1992 2.Wat zijn de mooiste momenten uit uw fluitcarrià ¨re? De wedstrijden die ik het mooist vond om te fluiten waren: Ajax PSV (Johan Cruyf schaal 2002) FC Viking Chelsea (Uefa Cup 2002) 3.Wat vind u van dopinggebruik in sport in het algemeen, en in het voetbal? Degene die betrapt worden op dopinggebruik moeten voor hun leven geschorst worden. 4.Weet u ervan dat er soms doping gebruikt wordt in het voetbal? (vooral cocane en EPO, aan EPO is de Spaanse international Antonio Puerta aan overleden) Ik heb dit via de media inderdaad vernomen, ik vind het erg triest maar toch ook eigen schuld dikke bult. 5.Heeft u wel eens meegemaakt of gedacht dat een voetballer dopingmiddelen gebruikt heeft tijdens een wedstrijd? Nee, dit heb ik nog nooit meegemaakt. 6.Weet u wat u moet doen als een speler zijn bewustzijn verliest tijdens een wedstrijd? Ja, ik ben zelf opgeleid als BHV-er met cursus reanimatie. Echter ik zal zeker de wedstrijd meteen stoppen en er spoedig een arts bijhalen, dat zijn immers de specialisten. 7.Snapt u dat veel sporters tegenwoordig snel doping gebruiken? Nee, je gaat in de sport een uitdaging met jezelf aan, dat wil zeggen met je eigen lichaam. Hard werken (trainen) en gezonde voeding zijn de enige juiste bouwstenen, dus ik vind doping gebruik onnodig en niet eerlijk. 8.Kent u de gevolgen die sommige soorten doping kunnen hebben? Ik heb er wel eens een tv-programma over gezien. De gevaren zijn duidelijk aanwezig dus moet dit al meer dan een voldoende waarschuwing zijn om er niet aan te beginnen! 9.Vind u dat voetballers vaker gecontroleerd moeten worden op gebruik van doping? Dit gebeurd namelijk nog niet veel. Ik weet dat dit inderdaad niet veel gebeurd, wat mij part mogen profvoetballers na elke wedstrijd gecontroleerd worden. 10.Vind u dat sommige doping gelegaliseerd moet worden, of moeten alle stimulerende middelen verboden worden? Ik zou het liefst zien dat alle doping verboden wordt. Er moet ervoor gezorgd worden dat topsport puur natuurlijk blijft. 11.EPO is een middel dat ervoor zorgt dat bloed meer zuurstof kan opnemen, en is in kleine doseringen niet gevaarlijk. Vind u dat iemand met een slechte conditie EPO zou mogen gebruiken? Nee, in geval van een slechte conditie moet je of harder trainen of anders niet deelnemen in competitieverband. Interview voor profielwerkstuk Wat is de invloed van doping in sport Jef van vliet, begeleider internationale scheidsrechters. Hoelang fluit u gefloten?. Ik heb gefloten van 1969 tot 1997, waarvan de laatste 15 jaar in het betaalde voetbal. Wat doet u nu precies in de voetbal wereld? Op dit moment ben ik docent opleidingen scheidsrechters, ik beoordeel de scheidsrechters in het betaalde voetbal en daarnaast begeleid ik de scheidsrechters bij internationale wedstrijden in Nederland. Wat zijn de mooiste momenten uit uw fluitcarrià ¨re? De 4 jaar welke ik als internationaal scheidsrechter heb gefungeerd en daarnaast o.a. de bekerfinale Ajax-Heerenveen in 1996. Wat vind u van dopinggebruik in sport in het algemeen, en in het voetbal? Doping hoort niet in de sport thuis. Weet u ervan dat er soms doping gebruikt wordt in het voetbal? (vooral cocane en EPO, aan EPO is de Spaanse international Antonio Puerta aan overleden) Dat is iets wat je niet hard kunt maken, maar zal zeker wel voorkomen. Heeft u wel eens meegemaakt of gedacht dat een voetballer dopingmiddelen gebruikt heeft tijdens een wedstrijd? Niet zelf meegemaakt, maar dat wil natuurlijk niet zeggen dat het niet gebeurd. Weet u wat u moet doen als een speler zijn bewustzijn verliest tijdens een wedstrijd? Ja dat weet ik, daar zijn standaard afspraken over. Snapt u dat veel sporters tegenwoordig snel doping gebruiken? Ik snap dit niet, sport hoort zuiver te zijn, dus zonder doping. Kent u de gevolgen die sommige soorten doping kunnen hebben? Jazeker, kijk maar naar Maradonna, wat is er over van de sportman? Vind u dat voetballers vaker gecontroleerd moeten worden op gebruik van doping? Dit gebeurd namelijk nog niet veel. In het Nederlandse betaalde voetbal word er wekelijks gecontroleerd, en zeker bij internationale wedstrijden. Vind u dat sommige doping gelegaliseerd moet worden, of moeten alle stimulerende middelen verboden worden? Binnen elke sport dan ook moeten stimulerende middelen verboden worden. Sport hoort clean te zijn, anders is het natuurlijk niet eerlijk. EPO is een middel dat ervoor zorgt dat bloed meer zuurstof kan opnemen, en is in kleine doseringen niet gevaarlijk. Vind u dat iemand met een slechte conditie EPO zou mogen gebruiken? Nee, dan moet een sporter maar gewoon niet meedoen of meer trainen want sport hoort clean te zijn zoals ik bij de vorige vraag al zei. Interview voor profielwerkstuk Wat is de invloed van doping in sport Interview met Michel Stolker, een oud-profwielrenner. Wij (Jasper Kerstes en Bob van Asten) moeten voor school een profielwerkstuk maken. Hiervoor moeten we ook onderzoek doen, dit doen we door middel van interviews. Het onderwerp is drugs (doping) in sport. We interviewen U omdat we dit onderwerp willen bekijken vanuit verschillende takken van sport. We vragen U om de vragen zo uitgebreid mogelijk te beantwoorden. Wat zijn uw grootste sportprestaties? 7e In de ronde van Spanje (22 dagen) Winnaar van de Midi Libre (meerdaagse wielerwedstrijd in Zuid-Frankrijk) in 1962. Hier reed ik dankzij een enorm goede vorm het peloton op 20 minuten en werd ik niet teruggepakt en reed vele tegenstanders eraf Etappes in de Ronde van Italià « en in de Ronde van Spanje. Drie deelnames aan de Tour de France (1956, 1957 en 1962) Ik was vooral knecht in de meeste ploegen (dit betekent dat hij vooral voor de toppers is zijn ploeg moest rijden) Dit deed ik vooral voor Jacques Anquetil, wat die man kan was echt onvoorstelbaar! Topsport is ontzettend zwaar, als je goed wilt rijden moet je enorm veel trainen, hierdoor verminder het sociale contact heel erg. Heeft u veel overwinningen geboekt in uw carrià ¨re als profwielrenner? Ik heb in de Ronde van Lombardije het bergklassement gewonnen, de Midi Libre en vele andere koersen. In totaal heb ik 25 koersen gewonnen, waarvan 20 zonder doping gebruik en 5 met. Hoeveel jaar heeft u als profwielrenner gereden en voor welke ploegen? Ik heb 11 jaar als prof gefietst in de volgende ploegen:  · 1956 Locomotief-Vredestein  · 1957 Locomotief-Vredestein  · 1958 Magneet-Vredestein  · 1959 Magneet-Vredestein  · 1960 Helyett-Fynsec-Leroux  · 1961 Helyett-Fynsec-Hutchinson  · 1962 Saint-Raphael-Helyett  · 1963 Saint-Raphael-Gitane  · 1964 KAS-Kaskol  · 1965 Fyffes  · 1966 Willem II-Gazelle Wat vindt u van de vele dopingschandalen in de tour van de laatste jaren? Het is een grof schandaal hoe het nu gaat in de wielerwereld, ik zal een voorbeeld geven. Toen Jan Ullrich uitging in een discotheek waar wel 2000 mensen waren, werd hij gepakt op verdenking van drugs/doping gebruik. Dus alleen Ullrich terwijl ruim de helft van de aanwezige doping gebruikte, dit vind ik echt niet kunnen. Ik wil overigens wel zeggen dat de Tour de France goed te rijden is zonder doping. Het is eigenlijk ook triest als je naar de medische wereld kijkt, tegenwoordig schrijven doctoren enorm veel middelen uit, je krijgt overal wat voor. Maar wielrenners mogen eigenlijk niets hebben. Wat ik ook bijna zeker weet is dat Lance Armstrong doping heeft gebruikt, hij werd in 1993 wereldkampioen en kreeg in 1996 teelbalkanker. Hoe kan iemand die zo jong is nou teelbalkanker krijgen? Ik denk dat het komt omdat hij grote hoeveelheden doping kreeg. Er zijn zoveel dingen waardoor je beter gaat rijden, ik noem anabolen en hormoonpreparaten. Doping is heel verleidelijk, vaak is de pakkans klein (vooral vroeger) dus dan gebruikte je doping. Vooral het vele geld heeft de sport naar de klote geholpen. Wat vindt u van dopinggebruik in het algemeen? Als je naar sporters in het algemeen kijkt, vooral in het voetbal, zijn ze enorm gespierd en erg groot. Ik denk niet dat dit alleen komt door training, ze moeten wel wat gebruiken, waarschijnlijk zijn het anabolen. Het grote geld dat er tegenwoordig in de topsport rondgaat doet rare dingen met mensen. Ik zal hier ook een voorbeeld van geven. Jaren geleden werden er een heleboel sporters aangesproken. Zij kregen een vraag voorgeschoteld gekregen: Ik kan van jou een olympisch kampioen maken, maar dan moet je wel enorm veel pillen waar je binnen 5 jaar van dood kunt gaan, zou je het doen? Deze vraag werd door 72% beantwoord met ja! Dit zegt toch wel iets over hoe graag mensen willen winnen en waarom ze naar doping grijpen. Het is geen goede zaak maar veel sporters kijken vooral naar de voordelen. Gebruikte u veel stimulerende middelen (geen doping) maar drankjes, suikers en dergelijke in uw carrià ¨re? Ja, dit moet wel want dat is essentieel. Ik at tijdens mijn wielercarrià ¨re veel rijstevla, glucosetabletten, bananen en heel veel suiker. Je moet wel veel eten anders red je het niet en kun je niet meer verder, je kunt namelijk de hongerklop krijgen. Dan wordt alles zwart en ben je niet meer in staat om fatsoenlijk te rijden. Wat heeft u allemaal meegemaakt met doping tijdens uw prof wielercarrià ¨re? Wij kregen veel spullen aangeboden maar er werd zelden of nooit gecontroleerd. Ik heb in mijn carrià ¨re niet meegemaakt dat renners bewusteloos raakte of overleden door doping. Heeft u er wel eens aan gedacht zelf doping te gebruiken en zo ja waarom en wat voor soort doping? Ja, ik wilde beter presteren daarom heb ik doping gebruikt. Iedere profsporter wil zo goed mogelijk presteren, dit ten koste van bijna alles. Je leeft echt als het ware voor je sport, de rest komt pas op de tweede plaats. Ik heb niets over mijn dopinggebruik te verbergen, ik vind het juist goed dat ik het eerlijk toegeef. De mensen w

Mrs. Whipples Mistreatment of Her Son in Katherine Anne Porters He :: Katharine Anne Porter He Essays

Mrs. Whipple's Mistreatment of Her Son in Katherine Anne Porter's He The prevailing theme in Katherine Anne Porter's story "He" is Mrs. Whipple's concern over appearances and particularly how her neighbors perceive her actions concerning her retarded son. Many critics have written about Porter's emphasis on appearances in this story. However, what lies under the surface of the story is also interesting. Contrary to both her actions and spoken words, it is clear Mrs. Whipple inwardly feels her retarded son is an animal and that she secretly wishes for his death. The story "He" is similar to another story of Katherine Anne Porter's titled "The Downward Path to Wisdom." Both stories depict children who are retarded, who are equated to animals by one or both of the parents, and who are wished dead or never born (Weisenforth 359). The title of the story "He" provides the reader with the first clue that the retarded son is de-humanized. Throughout the story the other two of Mrs. Whipple's children, Emly and Adna, are given names and are referred to by their given names. This is not true of the retarded son. Not once in the story is He called by his given name. In fact, the reader never learns his given name. The failure to give the retarded son a name is similar to the farm practice of giving names to pets but not to the ever-present farm animals. People generally do not name animals they plan on killing. Because Emly and Adna have names, they appear to the reader to be more human. In contrast, the failure to name the retarded son makes him appear more animal-like or less than human. Another example of animal treatment takes place during family meals. The retarded son does not eat his meals at the table with his family. In a description of the retarded son, Porter writes "He didn't whine for food, as the other children did, but waited until it was given Him; He ate squatting in the corner, smacking and mumbling" (597). When Mrs. Whipple's brother comes for a visit, Porter writes "He wouldn't come into the dining room, and Mrs. Whipple passed it off very well" (599). For appearances sake "Mrs. Whipple loaded up a big plate for Him first, before everybody"(Porter 599). The parallels to how people treat their dogs can not be overlooked. It is common practice for dog owners to train their dogs not to beg or whine for food.

James Baldwins Writing Technique Essay -- James Baldwin

The Baldwin Technique James Baldwin is highly regarded as one of the great writers of his time. In the â€Å"Notes of a Native Son† he describes a very influential moment in his life. The essay’s setting takes place during the Harlem riots in New York City and Detroit. The riot in New York all began due the fatal shooting of a young African American boy by a white police officer. Protesters began to protest the police brutality, but then fights and looting broke out when some protesters became unruly. Baldwin’s essay reflects upon his interactions and feelings with and about his father. He analyzes how his father affected him and talks about what kind of person his father was. He also reflects on the impact of his father’s death. All the while, within the essay, Baldwin uses different techniques in order to obtain and intrigue his readers. He primarily makes his essay a narrative. However, he also incorporates his analysis, which usually stem from his use of binaries and contr asts. His use of repetitive words also plays a big part in his style. All of those techniques all intertwined in a way that will help the reader understand Baldwin and his ideas a lot clearer. His combination of both narrative and analysis can be viewed in the very first paragraph. Baldwin begins his essay by stating that fact that his father died on the July 29, 1943. Right after stating that fact, he mentions the rioting, which occurred in Detroit and in Harlem about a month before the death of his father. Baldwin incorporates the events that are going on around him in his narrative as a way to set up the environment for the reader. The rioting and other events that Baldwin speaks of is his way of explaining, or even rationalizing his feelings during tha... ... to compare himself with his father. He made the riots in Harlem and Detroit versus the police share similar qualities to his relationship with his father. Baldwin’s word choosing is also very effective in Notes of a Native Son. He italicizes certain words in order to portray his emotions towards a situation without even having to go into an in-depth explanation. Lastly, Baldwin’s most obvious trait in weaving both narrative and analytical writing is the use of word repetition. He continually used the strongest word that he could think of (hate) and just repeat it over and over again. The main thing to notice is that Baldwin uses the same word not only through his narrative but also within his analysis. Works Cited Baldwin, James. â€Å"Notes of a Native Son.† 1955. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998. 63-84.

Factory Labor and the Domestic Sphere in the Lowell Offering Essay

In 1822, a group of Boston merchants and traders began their campaign to transform a riverbank below the thirty-foot falls of the Merrimack River into "the greatest textile manufacturing establishment in the country." These capitalists dug and improved the Merrimack canal, constructed machine shops, and built housing for mill executives, foremen and operatives. The cotton mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, and other New England sites began to employ the first female industrial labor force in the United States. Almost twenty years later, factory workers wrote and edited the Lowell Offering, a literary magazine showcasing the virtues and talents of the female operatives in verse, essays and short fiction (Eisler, 13-22). This ESSAY discusses the female Lowell factory worker as portrayed in the Offering. Although the magazine never expressed an overtly feminist view of the factory girls' condition, nor invoked a working-class consciousness similar to later labor expressions in Lowell, there is evidence of a narrative strategy and ideology speaking both to the factory women and the middle-class readership outside of the mill town. The paper's short stories, epistolary narratives and commentaries seek to legitimize an operatives' role within the feminine ideal of domesticity. In conforming to the norms of feminine literature, the Offering reconstructs the operatives' character. It subordinates the evidence for independence or autonomy to relate stories of familial or sentimental ties binding the factory girl to the world outside of factory life. The magazine sought to provide an answer to this question: given her new liberties, what kept the "factory girl" from losing contact with her moral sentiments? To a great degree, the economi... ..., 1820-1865. Columbia Studies in American Culture Series (New York: Columbia University Press, 1942): 13-14. Cott, Nancy F. The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977. Dublin, Thomas. Women at Work: the Transformation of Work and Community in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1826-1860. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979. Dublin, Thomas. "Women, work and protest in the early Lowell Mills: `the oppressing hand of avarice would enslave us.'" Labor History 16(1975): 99-116. Eisler, Benita. The Lowell Offering: Writings by New England Mill Women (1840-1845). New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1977. Welter, Barbara. "The Cult of True Womanhood." The Many-Faceted Jacksonian Era: New Interpretations. Contributions in American History, number 67, Edward Pessen, ed. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977.

Valuation: Apv vs Wacc

The three approaches value the entire firm but they differ around the way they treat tax shields. We will first review the rational and the underlying assumptions behind each approach. We will then use a numerical example to illustrate the mechanics behind the three approaches and show under which assumptions they yield the same results. Enterprise Valuation According to Modigliani and Miller, the value of a company’s economic assets must equal the value of the claims against those assets.Enterprise valuation models value the sum of the cash flows to all claim holders, including equity holders and debt holders and discount them to the appropriate cost of capital. The cash flow available to all claim holders is called the free cash flow (FCF) from operations and is defined below: FCF = EBIAT + Depreciation – Capital Expenditure – Increases in Working Capital EBIAT is the income the company earns after tax without regard to how the company is financed. Non-cash exp enses such as Depreciation are then added.Because we are valuing a going concern we also take into account the cash flow management will retain for new capital expenditures and possible increase in working capital. The remaining is in effect the cash available to owners and creditors. By definition free cash flow is independent from leverage (and is often referred as un-levered free cash flow). Therefore the value derived from the interest tax shield (interest on debt is tax deductible) has still to be incorporated in the enterprise valuation.This is where the three approaches WACC, APV and CCF differ: †¢ The WACC approach values the tax shield by adjusting the cost of capital †¢ The APV approach values the tax shield separately from the un-levered free cash flow †¢ The CCF approach values the tax shield by incorporating it in the cash flow The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Approach To determine the value of the enterprise, the free cash flows from operations have to be discounted to present value. According to Modigliani and Miller’s proposition number one without taxes or financial market mperfections the cost of capital does not depend on financing so the weighted average of the expected returns to debt and equity investors equals the opportunity cost of capital regardless of leverage: Rd x D/V + Re x E/V = Ra = Constant independent of D/V Ra = Opportunity cost of capital = Un-levered cost of equity = Return on assets = pre-tax WACC Rd = Cost of debt, Re = Cost of equity, D/V and E/V = Target levels of debt and equity using market values Fabrice Bienfait IFM Final Paper Page 2 of 8None of the components of the cost of capital are directly observable and therefore need to be approximated using various models and assumptions. The cost of equity is derived from the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) while the cost of debt can be estimated from the firm credit rating and default risk or from yields on publicly traded debt. However inter est on debt is tax deductible so if we were to discount free cash flows from operations using Ra we would not take into account the value of the tax shield.Therefore the after-tax weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is used instead. WACC includes an adjustment to the cost of debt by the marginal tax rate (Tm): WACC = Rd x (1-Tm) x D/V + Re x E/V (= Ra – Rd x Tm x D/V) WACC is less than the opportunity cost of capital Ra because the cost of debt is calculated after tax as Rd (1-Tm). Thus the tax advantages of debt financing are reflected in a lower discount rate. The WACC equals the opportunity cost of capital when there is no debt and declines with financial leverage because of increasing interest tax shields.The WACC increases again when the debt level becomes significant relative to the value of the firm reflecting the main costs associated with borrowing, the costs of bankruptcy. Figure 1: WACC as a Function of the Debt Ratio Rates of Return Re R WACC Rd Debt to Equity Discounting all future cash flows using a constant WACC assumes that the company manages its capital structure to a fixed debt to value ratio (D/V).Therefore the company’s WACC is the right discount rate only if the company’s debt ratio (D/V) is expected to remain reasonably close to constant. However if the company is expected to significantly change its capital structure (i. e. Fabrice Bienfait IFM Final Paper Page 3 of 8 constant level of debt, LBO, recapitalization), the WACC would have to be continuously adjusted which makes the approach more difficult to apply.The Adjusted Present Value Approach The APV approach values the cash flows associated with capital structure independently by separating the value of operations into two components: the value of the firm without debt and the benefits and the costs of borrowing: Value of the firm = Value of the un-levered firm + Present value of interest tax shields – Costs of financial distress The value of the un-l evered firm is obtained by discounting free cash flows at the return on assets (Ra).If the company manages its debt-to-value to a target level (D/V=constant) then the interest tax shield is as risky as the firm and should be discounted at Ra. In this case the APV approach yields the same results as the WACC approach but is computationally less efficient. However if the debt is assumed to be a fixed amount (D=constant) the interest tax shield is less risky than the firm but as risky as the debt itself and should be discounted at the cost of debt.In this case the APV approach is not only the only correct approach, it is also computationally very efficient if the tax saving are considered as perpetuity since: Present value of interest tax shields = (Tm x Rd x D) / Rd = Tm x D The main risk in using the APV approach is to ignore the costs of financial distress, especially at very high debt ratios, which leads to an overvaluation of the firm.The Capital Cash Flow Approach Capital cash fl ows are simply derived from free cash flows by adding interest tax shields: CCF = FCF + Interest tax shield = FCF + Tm x Rd x D With this approach capital cash flows are then discounted at the return on assets. This implicitly assumes that interest tax shields are as risky as the firm and are discounted at the return on assets. This is true when debt is a fixed proportion of value. Under this assumption the capital cash flow approach will generate the same results as the WACC approach.Furthermore if the debt is forecasted in levels instead of a debt-to-value ratio the CCF approach is easier to use because the tax shield are simple to calculate and to include in the CCF. If the forecasted debt levels imply a change in the debt-to-value ratio, the CCF retains his simplicity since the discount rate, the return on assets, is independent of the capital structure and can be used for every forecast period. Therefore the approach is easier to apply in transactions involving change in capita l structure such as a LBO or a restructuring.However in this case discounting the interest tax shields at Ra is a simplifying assumption since the risk of those cash flows is not anymore the same as the risk associate with the firm. Fabrice Bienfait IFM Final Paper Page 4 of 8 Numerical Example Table 1 shows the financial assumptions underlying our numerical example. The firm is valued over a period of 5 years during which EBIT is growing at 5% per annum and depreciation, capital expenditure and increase in working capital are constant. However the firm’s capital structure changes significantly through the repayment of a major portion of its debt.Table 1: Assumptions (in â‚ ¬) Risk Free Rate Market Risk Premium Tax Rate Asset Beta Debt Beta EBIT Depreciation Capex Increase in NWC Debt Year 1 5% 7% 40% 1. 2 0. 4 100,000 50,000 60,000 10,000 100,000 Year 2 5% 7% 40% 1. 2 0. 35 105,000 50,000 60,000 10,000 50,000 Year 3 5% 7% 40% 1. 2 0. 3 110,250 50,000 60,000 10,000 25,000 Year 4 5% 7% 40% 1. 2 0. 25 115,763 50,000 60,000 10,000 12,500 Year 5 5% 7% 40% 1. 2 0. 2 121,551 50,000 60,000 10,000 6,250 We will start valuing the firm using the WACC approach (see table 2).This is the less appropriated and most complex methodology given the forecasted changes in capital structure. Indeed the WACC needs to be recalculated every year and an iterative calculation has to be used since the value of the firm for each year is required to derive the percentage of debt and equity. The firm value in year N is the value of the remaining cash flows. For instance the value of the firm at the beginning of Year 3 is the value of the remaining cash flow in Year 3, 4 and 5 discounted using the WACC in year 3, 4 and 5.Table 2: WACC Valuation (in â‚ ¬) EBIT – Taxes on EBIT = EBIAT + Depreciation – Capex – Increase in NWC = FCF Percent Debt Cost of Debt After Tax Cost of Debt Percent Equity Return on Assets Cost of Equity WACC Discount Factor PV Firm Value Year 1 100,000 (40,000) 60,000 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 40,000 61. 3% 7. 8% 4. 7% 38. 7% 13. 4% 22. 3% 11. 5% 0. 90 35,878 163,178 Year 2 105,000 (42,000) 63,000 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 43,000 35. 2% 7. 5% 4. 5% 64. 8% 13. 4% 16. 6% 12. 4% 0. 80 34,329 141,923Year 3 110,250 (44,100) 66,150 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 46,150 21. 5% 7. 1% 4. 3% 78. 5% 13. 4% 15. 1% 12. 8% 0. 71 32,666 116,451 Year 4 115,763 (46,305) 69,458 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 49,458 14. 7% 6. 8% 4. 1% 85. 3% 13. 4% 14. 5% 13. 0% 0. 63 30,979 85,196 Year 5 121,551 (48,620) 72,930 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 52,930 13. 3% 6. 4% 3. 8% 86. 7% 13. 4% 14. 5% 13. 1% 0. 55 29,325 46,817 Fabrice Bienfait IFM Final Paper Page 5 of 8 The cost of debt is calculated using CAPM: The cost of equity is calculated using the M&M proposition I:Rd = Rf + ? d x MRP Re = (Ra – D/V Rd) / (E/V) Using the WACC approach we find a value for the firm of â‚ ¬163,178. Next we use the APV approach to value the firm calculating separately the value of the un-levered firm and the value of the interest tax shield (Tm x Rd x D). The approach is straightforward in this case since we are given a forecast of the level of debt. We find that the APV approach yields the same firm value (â‚ ¬163,178) as the WACC approach when discounting interest tax shield at Ra.We also illustrate that using Rd would yield a higher valuation of the firm (this is not the correct discount rate in this case given that the debt is not constant). Table 3: APV Valuation (in â‚ ¬) FCF Return on Assets Discount Factor PV Value of Unlevered Firm Interest Tax Shield Return on Assets Ra Discount Factor PV Value of Interest Tax Shield @ Ra Interest Tax Shield Cost of Debt Rd Discount Factor PV Value of Interest Tax Shield @ Rd Value of Firm with ITS @ Ra Value of Firm with ITS @ Rd Year 1 40,000 13. 4% 0. 88 35,273 158,491 3,120 13. % 0. 88 2,751 4,686 3,120 7. 8% 0. 93 2,894 5,121 163,178 163,613 Year 2 43,000 13. 4% 0. 78 33,438 Year 3 46,150 13 . 4% 0. 69 31,647 Year 4 49,458 13. 4% 0. 60 29,907 Year 5 52,930 13. 4% 0. 53 28,225 1,490 13. 4% 0. 78 1,159 710 13. 4% 0. 69 487 338 13. 4% 0. 60 204 160 13. 4% 0. 53 85 1,490 7. 5% 0. 86 1,286 710 7. 1% 0. 81 572 338 6. 8% 0. 76 255 160 6. 4% 0. 71 114 Finally we use the CCF approach. The calculation clearly shows how the interest tax shields are incorporated in the cash flows and then discounted at Ra.The CCF approach is equivalent to the WACC approach. Furthermore the approach also produces the same value as the APV method with interest tax shields discounted at Ra. Fabrice Bienfait IFM Final Paper Page 6 of 8 Table 4: CCF Valuation (in â‚ ¬) EBIT – Taxes on EBIT = EBIAT + Depreciation – Capex – Increase in NWC + Interest tax Shield = CCF Return on Assets Discount Factor PV Firm Value Year 1 100,000 (40,000) 60,000 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 3,120 43,120 13. 4% 0. 88 38,025 163,178 Year 2 105,000 (42,000) 63,000 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 1,490 44,490 13. 4 % 0. 8 34,597 Year 3 110,250 (44,100) 66,150 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 710 46,860 13. 4% 0. 69 32,134 Year 4 115,763 (46,305) 69,458 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 338 49,795 13. 4% 0. 60 30,112 Year 5 121,551 (48,620) 72,930 50,000 (60,000) (10,000) 160 53,090 13. 4% 0. 53 28,311 Conclusions The three enterprise valuation techniques considered in this paper are different in the way they treat interest tax shields. However we have seen that the WACC approach and the CCF approach are identical and that under certain assumptions the APV approach also yields the same valuation.The WACC approach is easy to use and efficient when the assumption that capital structure will not change in the future can be made (D/V= constant). If debt level is forecasted to remain constant in absolute term (D=constant), the APV approach should be used discounting the interest tax shield at the cost of debt. Finally the CCF approach is the appropriate and most efficient approach when forecasted debt levels imply a change in capital structure. In this case it is also equivalent to the APV approach discounting the interest tax shield at the return on assets. Fabrice Bienfait IFM Final Paper

Hamlet Revenge Essay

Many of the characters in Shakespeare’s Hamlet have an unfortunate death from the results of their entire attempt to seek revenge. First Laertes ends up killing himself and Hamlet because the death of his father Polonius has maddened him, and convinced him he need to avenge Hamlet for his father.Secondly, Fortinbras is convinced he needs to take action to gain back the land that his father lost in the battle he was killed in with King Hamlet. Last, Hamlet is the one to blame for all who were woefully killed in the process of animus acts because of his procrastination to kill the murderer of his father; Claudius.Because all of these men are angered from the death of their father and feel the need to get repayment from their murderers, Hamlet is primarily a tragedy of revenge. To begin with, Hamlet is essentially a catastrophe of revenge due to Laertes acts of anger after his father’s death.After Laertes hears of his father’s death, he travels back to Denmark immed iately. At first Laertes assumes that the new king Claudius partook in the killing of his father, but later finds out the true person to blame is young Hamlet.As the king and Laertes sit down to talk, he explains to the king â€Å"Let come what comes, only I’ll be reveng’d / most thoroughly for my father† (IV. vii. 26). This is only the beginning to his talk about how he is going to avenge the man that killed his father.Laertes goes on to explain to the king just how far he would go to get repayment for the loss of his father â€Å"to cut his throat i’th church† (IV. vii. 26). For Laertes to say that he would kill a man in a church is very serious because God plays a very large role in all of their lives, and murder is already a sin, but to kill a man in a church just makes it even worse.Laertes and Claudius end up planning a very cruel way to kill Hamlet, they are going to trick Hamlet into having a duel with Laertes since he has always been jealo us of Laertes skills in duelling. To ensure the death of Hamlet, Laertes is going to poison the tip of his sword so that even if he scratches Hamlet, he will die. Thus, proving Hamlet is overall a tragedy of revenge. Secondly, Fortinbras determined mind to get back the land his father lost in battle with King Hamlet contributes to the predominant theme of tragic revenge.Fortinbras father was killed in battle fighting with King Hamlet, and lost the land that Denmark had gained. Old Fortinbras brother then took the throne, and told Young Fortinbras the he mustn’t try to get back the land that was lost. Then out of anger of the loss of his father.Fortinbras decides to take action to get the land back, so he and his soldiers peacefully travels into Denmark to discuss the land he wishes to regain. Fortinbras informs his captain soldier what to say to Hamlet when they encounter him â€Å"Tell him that by his license Fortinbras / craves the conveyance of a promis’d march / o ver his kingdom.You know the rendezvous† (IV. iv. 2-4). Fortinbras believes that it is his duty to take back the land, and the only way to do that is take it from Hamlet because Hamlets father is the one who killed his father.Fortinbras captain approaches Hamlet and informs him the reason for their visit â€Å"We go to gain a little patch of ground / that hath in it no profit but the name† (IV. iv. 18-19). This quote tells us that Fortinbras does not want to take the land to benefit him and his people, but to gain back the land that was once his fathers to uphold his name.The only way to keep his fathers name around in Fortinbras mind is to avenge Hamlet by taking the land from him. In conclusion, Fortinbras persistent mind to avenge for the land makes Hamlet mainly a calamity of revenge. Last, but certainly not least Hamlets procrastination to get revenge for his fathers murder by killing Claudius plays the biggest part in making Hamlet primarily a tragedy of revenge. Hamlets big misadventure on his way to seek vengeance starts when he meets with the ghost of his father King Hamlet.The ghost explains how his father was killed then orders Hamlet to â€Å"Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† (I. v. 25). After Hamlet gets these orders from the ghost he then sets his plans of revenge into gear. But Hamlet keeps stalling at every chance he gets to avenge Claudius, in the end just causing more of a catastrophe.After Hamlets encounter with Young Fortinbras he realizes that he must take action just at Fortinbras is doing, Hamlet then speaks to himself â€Å"My thoughts be bloody or nothing worth† (IV. iv. 66).From here on the only thing on Hamlets mind is how he is going to kill Claudius, but other things such as his battle with Laertes gets in the way. Before Hamlet is finally able to put an end to this crazy plan to avenge his uncle, he is poisoned by Laertes sword during their duel.But luckily for Hamlet he was able to avenge Clau dius before his own death, thus completing the task of avengement his father’s ghost has assigned to him. In conclusion Hamlets delay to kill Claudius makes Hamlet essentially a tragedy of revenge.In the end, Hamlet is predominantly a tragic misadventure of revenge. Laertes clouded mind full of anger causing him to be blind to see the outcome of his acts, Fortinbras determination to get back his lost land and uphold his father’s name, and Hamlet stalling at every opening to kill Claudius all contribute to the theme of tragic revenge. All of these men have something in common; they were all blinded by the need to avenge the murderer of their father, thus causing more and more trouble for each of them to achieve that goal.

Analysis of Brick Cleaner Essay

Aim: To find the percentage by mass of hydrochloric acid present in brick cleaner by doing an acid-base titration. Theory/Hypothesis: The main ingredient in brick cleaner is HCL and must be diluted and titrated with a base to be able to analyse it. It reacts with parts of the concrete which allows it to remove the concrete from the bricks. I think there will be around 30% of HCL in brick cleaner. Materials: * 5mL brick cleaner * 100mL, 0.1M standard sodium carbonate solution * 250ml de-ionised water * Methyl orange indicator * 250mL volumetric flask * 4x100mL conical flasks * Small funnel * 10mL measuring cylinder * 20mL pipette * Pipette filter * Dropping pipette * Burette and stand * White tile * Electronic balance * Safety glasses * Gloves Method: 1) A 250 mL volumetric flask was weighed with it’s mass recorded 2) A 10mL measuring cylinder was used to pour 5mL brick cleaner into the volumetric flask. The flask was stoppered straight after all the brick cleaner was in the flask. 3) The flask was then reweighed 4) De-ionised water was added until the flask was about half full. The flask was stoppered and shaken carefully upside down several times. 5) More water was added to the flask about a cm below the graduation line. A dropper was used to accurately drop the right amount of water to the flask so the bottom of the meniscus was on the graduation line. 6) A 20mL pipette was used to put 20mL of sodium carbonate solution into each of the four 100mL conical flask. 3 drops of methyl orange indicator was added to each. 7) The burette was filled with the solution of brick cleaner. 8) The sodium carbonate solution was titrated with the solution of brick cleaner until there was a clear permanent colour change. 9) Steps 7 and 8 were repeated until 3 concordant results were Results: Weight Volumetric flask 78.968g Brick cleaner 6.00g Titre 1 2 3 Initial vol 2.3 23.4 3.0 Final vol 23.4 44.5 24.0 Vol added 21.1 21.1 21.0 Calculations: On page attached. Discussion: The weight for the brick cleaner may not be 6.00g as the volumetric flask was not weighed again with the brick cleaner in it because that step was forgotten. So the result above was taken from another student that did the prac. This will affect the results as the mass of the brick cleaner is used to determine the percentage by mass of HCL in brick cleaner. All 3 titres show that they are only within 0.1 of each other. The hypothesis has been disproved because it was suggested the 30% of HCL would be in brick cleaner and there’s only 2.4% although it’s not certain that those steps were done correctly. There were no problems encountered during this prac. Focus Questions: 8)a) the manufacturer says that brick cleaner is made up of around 35% HCL, which is a massive difference to the answer that was got in this prac but again question 7 was not done correctly. b) differences in class results occur because not everybody would have done the exact volume of brick cleaner, sodium carbonate etc as each other therefore the difference in results obtained. 9) To correctly clean up a spill of 20mL brick cleaner you would mop it up immediately, washing it away with massive amounts of water 10)a) volumetric flask= once with water twice with brick cleaner b) Burette= once with water twice with diluted solution of brick cleaner c) pipette= once with water twice with diluted brick cleaner d) conical flask=once with water twice with sodium carbonate solution Conclusion: To conclude, there should be 35% HCL in brick cleaner although it was found that there was only 2.4%

Play Activity Assignment Essay

This assignment is called Play activity. It is deserving 30 % of the overall class of the faculty Early on Childhood Education. As portion of the assessment standard of this assignment I must finish a drama activity to a group o kids aged between 0-6 old ages. WORK PLACE I have been get downing to work in Creche X in Donnybrook country since two hebdomads ago ( as a full clip ) . I have been in a free test. so portion clip till they decided I can get down full clip. I work in Baby room. There are five kids at the minute. I love kids and I like being around them. I haven’t worked before with babes. so it was a challenge and a large duty for me and I was really happy for the opportunity given to me. Despite the fact I had no experience to work with babes. I learnt tonss of things in a short period of clip and I can state I still have to larn few more. It is a little but broad. but friendly and brilliantly foundling hospital. It is a full twenty-four hours care service from 7:30 boulder clay 6:00. They have a Baby room. Wobblers room. Toddler room and Montessori room. The Baby room has besides a fingerstall room with 4 beds. It is a lovely room plentifulness of playthings and books ( for babes ) . The foundling hospital has besides a changing room. an office. a kitchen and a big out-of-door garden. They provide breakfast and hot alimentary repasts. All of their staff ( six individuals ) are full trained and experienced. They are Garda vetted and First assistance trained. They use the Montessori and Highscope methods of drama and instruction. They have a unafraid entree. out-of-door safety surface. wheel chair accessible. day-to-day log kept for parents. When parents come to pick up their kids they must state a watchword or if they send person else to pick up their kid. they must name before and so to state a watchword every bit good. Duties * Sign the kids in and out * Keep daily record of each kid ( record book ) * Parents mark in and out * Changing diapers * Feeding kids * Playing with them ( sponge picture. manus print. activity gym. ball drama. drawing objects. mirror drama. face look. different sort of music. mussy drama. etc ) * Bring them to kip country * Verify so from tem to ten proceedingss * Write every twenty-four hours on a Care of Sheet the measure and the hours they had their bottles of milk. solids. how many clip diapers were changed. * Write down on the Cot Sheet that you verified the kids and they were safe at that minute * Answer the phone. * Hovering and mop every twenty-four hours the room * Fill out an accident study * Chat with parents about day’s activity * Medical consent and disposal signifier for medical specialties given to kids must be completed by the director. parent. staff and informant. * Take the temperature of kids that seem to be ill look intoing from 15 to 15 proceedingss and right down on the medical specialty book ; if the temperature is high we call the parents * Verify every forenoon and afternoon the temperature from icebox * Hover and wipe up all the foundling hospital one twenty-four hours a hebdomad ( when my bend comes ) PERSONAL PROFILE My name is Mihaela Serea. I’m from Romania and I came in Ireland in 2008. I have been get downing to work as a kid minder for two households. I took attention of a kid of four old ages old and one of three old ages old. The 2nd household merely moved in UK two months ago. so I decided to get down Fetac Level 5 in Childcare. In Romania I went to College for a period of 4 old ages Faculty of Letters. profile Romanian-English. During the college I completed the classs for the Department of Teaching in primary/secondary school. After the college I have done a maestro grade in Business Management for one twelvemonth and half. During my Master grade I had the chance to work in a kindergarten. I was afraid of taking attention of little kids. but it was a truly pleasant experience and I enjoyed it a batch. Some other classs completed: when I was in secondary school. I decided to make some classs within the country of computing machines. What I want to accomplish from this faculty Early on Childhood Education? It is a important period of kids at this age. so I want to research all the facets of a kid development. from safety and psychological science to physical. cognitive and emotional development. I want to assist kids to derive assurance in mundane undertakings. to guarantee that the drama is conforming to official wellness and safety criterions. It is a period when walking. speaking. vision of the universe and moral foundations are established. The early old ages of life are critical to the development of intelligence. personality and societal behaviour. I would wish to larn about kids demands and involvements. My alone merchandising points I enjoy learning. but in Rumanian linguistic communication because it will be easy to show myself. In English I loose myself. I forget the words. I don t know any longer what I want to state. it s hard. because in school we don’t communicate plenty. we merely learn to read. to compose. grammar. exercisings. When I was a kid I dreamed to be a instructor. All my narrative books have Markss on. I like painting. vocalizing. computing machines. I like to be informed. One twenty-four hours I believe I will hold my ain concern a foundling hospital. But first of all I need to work in a foundling hospital for more old ages to acquire more experience and to happen out everything I need to cognize approximately. I like kids really much. I will be a good director and I think it will be good money as good. if I provide a good service. Title of drama activity: Fall leaves Aim Autumn is a great clip to learn kids about foliages. I want to larn them through drama and geographic expedition of the nature and to acquire involved with it. Roll uping different foliages they learn different colourss. forms and constructions. Another purpose is to develop children’s creativeness by blending colourss. working in groups. Consultation with my supervisor When I take a group of kids out I have to be cognizant of their safety: planning. permission. supervising. conveyance. In my instance. I go into a park merely near by our location with a group of pre school kids. I spoke with my supervisor to give permission and a missive should be sent to all the parents/guardians of the kids. Co-operation with households is indispensable to guarantee the public assistance of the kids. The supervisor told me it s non necessary a conveyance. because it is merely two proceedingss off. We do non necessitate jammed repasts. merely some bottles of H2O. tissues. trim vesture. little first assistance kit. a charged Mobile phone and exigency contact Numberss. guaranting that the service’s insurance policy includes equal screen for excursions. I have to take attention of wellness. safety and hygiene of kids keeping a high criterion of attention which promotes the development of the kids. Children should be appropriately dressed for the excursion in fabrics which protect against the conditions. Children should non have on their best fabrics. Children’s vesture demands to let them freedom of motion so that they can take full advantage of all the chances offered on the excursion. I remembered to kids about route safety. Always we cross the route at safe points such as traffic visible radiations. I checked the topographic point in progress to be certain of the installations that are available and the country that may be a danger to kids. Benefits of my chosen subject: A survey of leaves/ fall opens up possibilities for larning in many content countries. Language Arts. Mathematics. Science. Social Studies. and Art all contribute to a unit on foliages. If there is entree to a park or resort area. the kids can travel on a foliage assemblage walk. When this isn’t possible. kids can be encouraged to garner foliages at place with their households and convey them in to the schoolroom. or instructors can supply the foliages. Leafs change colourss. normally from green to red. orange. xanthous and brown. Leafs can be found on trees. autumn to the land and we rake them. Children sort the foliages they collected by colour. size or type of foliage. Fall is a beautiful clip of twelvemonth. when the foliages change colour and autumn from the trees. Besides brushing them up and bagging them. see seting the fallen foliages to good usage. Children collect and turn them into leaf art. The motley foliages make beautiful trade undertakings. and the best portion is that they’re free. There are several types of trades you can make from foliages. The lone bound is your imaginativeness. Traveling out in the park they learn different types of animate beings. Besides kids learn about the season ‘’autumn’’ : season of the twelvemonth between summer and winter. enduring from the autumnal equinox to the winter solstice and from September to December ; period of adulthood verging on diminution. Five related subjects: 1. Leaf print 2. Hedge hogs 3. Colorss 4. Roll uping leaves 5. Autumn leaves Chosen activity: I have chosen an art activity to be completed with a group of 5 kids within a pre-school scene. Preparation: * I will speak with my supervisor in order to inform her about the background of the drama activity assignment * I will convey a photocopy of my program about this drama activity * During the meeting I ask her about some suggestions related to the drama activity and its educational content * I ask my supervisor if parents will give the permission to take the kids in the park * I will inquire my supervisor about a suited clip and location to finish the drama activity and what I may necessitate to acquire. * I wil seek to calculate out how long it may take to finish this activity * I will make a checklist in order to guarantee that all indispensable supplies are present during the drama * Equipment needed to finish the accomplishments presentation will be: baskets to roll up the foliages. gum. white documents. little and large paintbrushes. H2O based pigments. paper plates. paper tissues. wet rubs. and aprons. The pigment used will be non toxic. Execution: First of all the activity will be safe for the kids to set about. The park was at 5 proceedingss walking off from our location and it was a safe country. I gave them baskets to roll up the foliages from the park We spent 2 hours in the nature Wash hands Gather stuffs utilizing the checklist as a usher Set out an country permitted by the supervisor Put on the aprons on each kid I give to each kid a pigment coppices and paper home bases I showed them how to do the operation They cleaned up the muss Evaluation: As portion of my appraisal for the FETAC faculty: Early Childhood Education. I must finish one drama activity within a work topographic point puting. I tried to follow measure by step the program in order to finish the Play Activity ‘’Autumn leaves’’ . I spent about two hours in the park with kids. and so we came back. 1. How the accomplishments presentation went from my personal point of view 1. In my sentiment everything went really good and I was truly happy that I succeeded to finish it. The kids helped me a batch because they followed my verbal instructions. Before we have gone to the park. I gave them wood baskets to roll up the foliages. I provided all the stuffs they needed to cover with for publishing foliages on the documents. First of all I showed them how to make it. I took one of my ain foliages. I painted it and I put the painted side on the sheet of paper and gently press it with my custodies. After few seconds. I lifted the foliage. They could take small/big pigment coppices and colourss to utilize. I could see they tried to do the operation really good precisely as I showed it to them. TC1 and TC3 showed a large concentration. Despite of the fact that CT2 wanted to work on his ain. he mixed the colourss really nice. 2. How the accomplishments went presentation went from the child’s point of view The Play Activity ended really good. all kids have been happy about their creative activities. I put on their creative activities their names and I hanged them on a wire. They applauded/clapped their custodies and had large smilings on their faces. They showed a batch of concentration when they started to paint. 3. The last portion of the rating is really the development of kids through this drama activity as followers: P. I. L. E. S Physical Development: This was developed when all the kids collected foliages from the land and when they printed the foliages on the documents. In the park they collected foliages utilizing their fingers ( all right motor accomplishments ) . They moved from a topographic point to another. jumping and running about developing their gross motor accomplishments. ( Large musculuss: legs. organic structure motions ) . They held the paintbrushes ( all right motor accomplishments ) to publish the foliages. Intellectual: They counted how many leaves they had at the terminal and they sorted the foliages based on colourss and sizes ( Logical/math ) . They compared their foliages to see who has the largest 1 ( Concentration ) . Through art they developed their creativeness and look of their art when they put different colourss of foliages on documents. Children love to happen interesting molded foliages. T. C 4 remembered some names of the trees they learned in the schoolroom ( memory ) . T. C 1 pretended he is the kid of the jungle. Mowgly ( imaginativeness ) . T. C3 stick two documents side by side to do a bigger montage of foliages printed and T. C4 mixed the colourss of the foliages on the paper. ( creativeness ) . TC4 pretended he is a coney in the wood. so he started to leap like a coney. ( imaginativeness ) . Language: This was developed when kids understood my verbal instructions related to foliages ( roll uping them. numbering them. do comparings. painting the foliages so stick them for few seconds on the documents. etc ) . They learned new words related to and animate beings trees like maple. oak. squirrels. etc Emotional: This was developed when T. C1 expressed his felicity about detecting he found the largest foliage. T. C2 started to sing a vocal we have learned in the category. T. C4 started to shout because he falls down on the land. TC3 was angry because TC1 pushed him on a side merely to take his foliage he found on the land. They developed feelings associated with winning and losing. Social: This was developed when I brought them together in the park. in the nature. T. C1 was playing with the others. T. C3 collected foliages with T. C4. ( team work. the ability to work in groups. interaction with the others ) . When we were in the schoolroom I put them to work in braces of two. ( they learnt to portion the equipment. be patient. clean up the muss ) . Howard Gardner Kinesthetic: CT4 leaping like a coney. so he developed his gross musculuss ( legs ) . They played together. running. CT3 is really good at trade. he was making a great occupation lodging two documents side by side. and doing a bigger montage of different colourss. forms of foliage printed. Naturalist: CT2 was first-class at acknowledging the squirrels. They enjoyed being in nature. researching the nature. roll uping foliages. CT1 recognized some flowers. Interpersonal: CT3 seem to be a a natural leader enjoy learning the others how to paint the foliage and so to lodge them on the paper. I noticed CT3 is a closed friend to CT4. Intrapersonal: When I put them to work in groups of two. CT2 replied to me that he prefers working entirely. He showed a strong sense of independency in the park every bit good roll uping the foliages on his ain. ( He does a great occupation on his ain ) . Recommendations for alteration: I propose for the following clip when we go into a trip. we should take a larger topographic point with more attractive/educational musca volitanss for kids to see and we should take more kids and more staff. It will be more merriment. Impact on kids: Children enjoyed traveling out researching the natures. roll uping the foliages. They deal with forms. colourss. how they look combined. They loved to utilize different colourss to paint the foliages and they seemed really partisans about their work. At the terminal at the undertaking they were proud of their work. They learned to work in groups. Painting gives them the ability to portion their equipment. to clean up their muss. They learned to be patient. they learned new words. Personal acquisition: * I learned to finish a drama activity in a pre-school scene * I learnt to use theory to pattern * I improved to pass on with my supervisor and ask for advice sing my program activity.