Problems and prospects of external debt management Essay

Problems and prospects of outdoor(a) debt commission - Essay ExampleHowever, these indigenous institutions may not always have sufficient amount of resources to fulfil all the requirements of the res publica. In that case, it is forced to resort to international commercial banks or international lending institutions manage the IMF of the World Bank. It can also request for financial aid from the Government of its ally nations. The debtors of a surface atomic number 18a can include the national Government, the private corpo proportionalityns or even the individual households. Usually, orthogonal debt is borrowed in ii ways by taking loans from the lending institutions or by selling the countrys securities to arise the required amount of funds. After the country accomplishes its projects with the help of the borrowed resources, it is required to repay the external debt along with its invade payments. Thus, external debt is actually a liability of the nation. For this reason, it is recorded under the Debit Account in the eternal rest of Payments (BOP) of the country. The BOP is a statement of accounts of the nation including its assets and liabilities and the outstanding credit and debit of the economy. The BOP prevails an indication of the countrys position with respect to the international market. If the country has borrowed a large amount of financial resources from abroad, this pull up stakes automatically add to the Debit account of the BOP. A huge burden of external debt does not meditate a good financial position of the domestic nation. Instead it indicates that financial resources generated inwardly the economy are not sufficient to fulfill the requirements of the national Government, the private firms and the individual households. That is why the country has to depend on external sources to finance its multifarious requirements. Economists and financial experts always advise countries to keep their external debt burden hatful to a minim um. Nations are expected not to borrow extra resources unless and until it becomes absolutely necessary (The World Bank, 2012). Indicators of a Countrys External Debt Burden Apart from the Balance of Payments Statement, there are other variables which give an indication of the external debt burden of a particular country. These are a. The Ratio of External Debt to GDP A high value of this ratio reflects a high external debt burden of the nation. This shows that the countrys external borrowings are greater than the value of its Gross Domestic Product produced within its geographical boundaries. The financial resources generated in turn from the GDP are not being able to meet all the financial requirements within the economy. Therefore, the country has to borrow extra resources from external creditors b. The Foreign Debt to Exports Ratio When an economy has a high ratio of foreign debt to exports, this also indicates a high external debt burden of the country. It exhibits that the nat ions borrowing from external sources is more than the value of the goods exported by the country. This may also reflect that the nations external debt liabilities are greater than its external credit earnings. The

Criminal Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Behaviour - Essay ExampleThe rational Health Act 1983, 2000For example, most jurisdictions flurrysider psychopathy to be an aggravating rather than a mitigating mover in determining criminal responsibility. In some states an offender convicted of first-degree murder and diagnosed as a psychopath is likely to receive the death penalty on the grounds that psychopaths be cold-blooded, penitenceless, untreatable and almost certain to re-offend. scarce many of the killers on death row were, and continue to be, mistakenly referred to as psychopaths on the basis of DSM-III, DSM-III-R or DSM-IV criteria for ASPD. ASPD and psychopathy might now be more or less synonymous constructs. Hare, 1999Psychopaths generally are more violent than non-psychopaths, and are more likely to engage in a variety of different types of aggressive acts, but tend to engage in predominantly instrumental (calculated) violence, threaten strangers with weapons and to be incite by vengeance, retributio n, or m adepty. Hart S.D., Forth A.E., Hare R.D. 1994The psychopaths profile includes such individual characteristics as sense of entitlement, disparate understanding of behaviour and sociablely acceptable behaviour they are unremorseful, apathetic to others, unconscionable, blameful to others, manipulative and conning, affectively cold, disregardful of social obligations, non-conforming to social norms, irresponsible. Traditionally, affective and inter in-person traits such as egocentricity, shoal effect, deceit, manipulativeness, lack of empathy, selfishness, guilt or remorse are central individual characteristics in the conceptualization and diagnosis of psychopathy. Cleckley,1976 Hare, 1993 Widiger & Corbitt, 1995In 1980 psychopathy was renamed antisocial personal disorder and is now defined by persistent violations of social norms, including lying, stealing, truancy, traffic arrests and inconsistent work behaviour. These features await to be visible through failure to make in timate relationships, impulsiveness, lack of guilt, not learning from indecorous experience. Harris G.T., Rice M.E., Quinsey V.L., 1993Hare in his Without Conscience (1999) defines that psychopaths charm and exploit others for their own gain, they lack empathy, sense of responsibility, they manipulate, lie and con others with no regard for anyones feelings. Psychopathy is characterized by such traits as lack of remorse or empathy, shallow emotions, egocentricity, glibness, manipulativeness, parasitic lifestyle, episodic relationships, low frustration tolerance and persistent violation of social norms. Hare, 1999Dr.Hervey Cleckley in The veil of Sanity came up with 16 traits that formed a specific pattern of perspective and behaviour, and to see the symptoms of psychopathy one should connect him with the circuit of a full social life. Psychopaths miss the qualities that people depend on for alert in social harmony. Cleckley, 1976The psychopathic personality disorder items fall int o two clusters One cluster - broker 1, reflects core interpersonal and affective characteristics the other cluster - Factor 2, consists of items that reflect a socially deviate and nomadic

Thoreau's views of Nature is primarily subjective in which he Essay

Thoreaus views of Nature is primarily subjective in which he set himself as a part of Nature whereas those of Darwin and - Essay ExampleHis political view seems to be more than closer to the concept of Individualism but at the same time, it is of dangerous effects in equipment casualty of the line he drew through the chapters like Civil Disobedience. As any another(prenominal) writer, Thoreaus writings may bear resemblance to the thoughts of different authors. To see through him from the perspective of an individualist intellect in comparison with some other individualistic ideologists is interesting. John Locke, a prominent English writer and philosopher of the 17th century who questioned the divine rights of the King, triggered a revolution of theorization in the field of political and philosophical thoughts. Locke is strictly an empiricist, who holds the view that the experience of the senses is pivotal in pursuit of knowledge. In this sense, when we turn back to Thoreau and his working experiment with the simplicity of life in Walden Pond, can we find any similarities or dissimilarities between Thoreau and Locke? Or can we say that did the views propounded by Thoreau derive from the Lockes writing? This research paper is an attempt to expect into Thoreaus thoughts on nature from this viewpoint. Does Thoreaus Views of Nature Stem from Lockes Writings? Lets start with a quote used by Thoreau in his essay titled Where I Lived and What I lived for. I am monarch of all I survey My right there is none to affray (Thoreau retrieved from http//thoreau.eserver.org/walden00.html) Thoreau asserts that man is supreme in constituting his understanding of nature as we see in the philosophy of empiricism. From these words, it is open that Thoreau believes that human beings are absolutely free to lead their life in nature as they manage and a particular government or a law cannot reign over the free willing of them. Again in the essay titled Civil Disobedience, one of the most controversial and influential essays by him which inspired the great social thinkers like Mahatma Gandhi and Tolstoy, I heartily accept the motto , that government is dress hat which governs least(Thoreau. Retrieved from http//thoreau.eserver.org/civil1.html). We can a draw a line connecting the main thought of both of the citations, which accentuates mans freedom in the give tongue to of nature. In this regard, he is obliged to Lockes views of nature as we record the essay titled Of the State of Nature TO understand political power right, and derive it from its original, we must consider,what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and lock of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man. (Locke. retrieved from http//www.constitution.org/jl/2ndtre). Here, we can see the meeting points of the ideolo gy of both the writers and it is most probable that Thoreaus views must hire shaped from Lockes thoughts. According to individualistic ideology man is supreme and above anothers restrictions. The above-mentioned wordings of the both of the writers assert the same line of thought in different manner. It is easy to conclude from this similarity in thought that Thoreau should have forged his conception of nature and human freedom from the individualistic ideologists like Locke. Through the analysis of The Second Treatise of Government by Locke it is obvious that he upholds the view that sovereignty is secured in the hands

Managing Change in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Change in the Workplace - Essay ExampleIt is stock-still important to note that assimilation is fluid in nature considering the rapid changes organizations argon subject to at the global level. Over the period of time, there have been constant changes in the away environment of the organizations reservation them more vulnerable to change. The debate on whether organisational culture is something organization is or has depends upon how organizations adapt the culture and mold themselves according to the overall given situation. Given the overall complexity of the instruction of the culture particularly the sub-cultures, it is relatively difficult to actually determine as to how organizations should tackle the issue of organizational culture and overall change management.It is however important to note that culture is fluid in nature considering the rapid changes organizations are subject to at the global level. Over the period of time, there have been constant changes in the external environment of the organizations making them more vulnerable to change. The debate on whether organizational culture is something organization is or has depends upon how organizations adapt the culture and mold themselves according to the overall given situation. Given the overall complexity of the management of the culture specially the sub-cultures, it is relatively difficult to actually determine as to how organizations should tackle the issue of organizational culture and overall change management.

Global Leadership Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Leadership Development - quiz ExampleWyman enumerates some of the traits that a worldwide leader should possess(2007). He mentions that a world(prenominal) leader should value growth on a global basis(Wyman, 2007). Moreover, it is essential that he understands the different cultures and essential have diction skills. Since most organizations now have offices and branches around the world, the global leader must be competent comme il faut to deal with employees of different nationalities. They must be flexible enough to be fitting to relate with their employees with several(a) ages, culture, behaviors, and beliefs. Wyman also stressed that global leading must think beyond boundaries (2007). Furthermore, they must be able to manage people even if they do not deal with them face to face.Aside from understanding his employees, a global leader must also think the way his worldwide customers do. He must appreciate the needfully and wants of his customers who come from var ious regions.The gainsay surrounding the ply of finding global leading is that some of these leaders capabilities do not necessarily match the current emerging business requirements of their organizations(Wyman, 2007).An separate key issue in global leadership development is how to fill the pipeline and identify employees who can work from a global perspective(Wyman, 2007). Organizations must develop the global leadership skills of their employees. Some developmental tools that companies may adopt atomic number 18 assigning them to different jobs, mentoring or coaching, offering international business travel, etc.xposing them to experiential or action schooling assignments, introducing international cross-functional teams, giving short and long-term expat assignments, providing language and cross-cultural training and implementing a 360-degree feedback system (C each(prenominal)ison, 2011). The altercate faced in this issue is that if these employees are not developed soon, the re might be a shortage of leadership gift thus, creating problems in meeting future business requirements (Wyman, 2007). The third issue confronting global leadership development is the management of the process of gathering relevant information on potential leaders and making decisions on the new roles that will be given to them and the organizational support that will be provided them (Smith, 2007). According to Smith, there are three factors that will help manage the process, namely 1) executive mesh topology and ownership 2) process resonance and simplicity and 3) the right tools (2007). The executive engagement and ownership means that all executives of the company should be supportive of the program for developing global leaders. Process resonance and simplicity suggests that talent management must be simple and must be aligned with the organizational culture. On the other hand, the right tools refer to the technology utilized in the management of data related to decisions p ertaining to the future leaders. The challenge in this issue is top managements all out support for the development of leaders within the organization. They should not be threatened by the existence of potential leaders and therefore must be willing to reinforce the development process of these future leaders.

Impacts of Globalization on Apple Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Impacts of globalisation on orchard apple tree Inc - shew ExampleOne of the most successfully recognized global organizations that recognized the relevance of globalization is Apple Inc. In this regard, the current research aims to examine the actual and potential impacts of globalization on the organization done a comprehensive examination of the factors that led to the decision. The discourse would hereby be structured through providing the pertinent theoretical framework for the globalization, prior to delving into the corporate background and profile of Apple Inc. Subsequently, the impact of globalization would be expounded as applied by Apple in terms of presenting the changes it made on the organizations market share, competition, and the strategies designed and implemented for globalization efforts to succeed. Globalization As emphasized by Riggs (2000), the concept of globalization has been studied to reveal that it has many meanings and dimensions. Figure 1 Globalization has Many Meanings Source Riggs 1998, 2 line of work practitioners could simply attempt define globalization as a process of expanding operations abroad. However, like the developing in contemporary organizations structure, the concept and definition of globalization goes beyond the traditional view of doing business in another country or beyond international waters. In a study conducted by Al-Rodhan (2006), globalization was intricately defined as a process that encompasses the causes, course, and consequences of transnational and transcultural integration of human and non-human activities (Al-Rodhan 2006, 2). By transnational, Lee Iwan, a professional with extensive cultural and international experiences described its meaning as corporations that keep invested in foreign operations, have a central corporate facility but give decision-making, R&D and marketing powers to each individual foreign market (Iwan 2007, 1). As indicated by Riggs (2000) on his paint concepts of globaliz ation, the dimensions of globalization are Economics globalization = trade, money, corporations, banking, capital Political science globalization = governance, war, peace, IGOs, NGOs, regimes Sociology globalization = communities, conflict, classes, nations, agreements psychology globalization = individuals as subjects and objects of global action Anthropology globalizaton = cultures overlapping, adapting, clashing, merging Communications globalization = information as companionship and tools -- INTERNET Geography globalization = everything, provided it can be anchored in space (Riggs Dimensions, 1998, par. 2). Figure 2 Dimensions of Globalization Source Riggs, 1998, p. 5 These dimensions were validated by Al-Rodhan (2006) when he emphasized that globalization involves economic integration the slay of policies across borders the transmission of knowledge cultural stability the reproduction, relations, and discourses

An Absolutory Confession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An Absolutory Confession - Essay ExampleShoba being a great planner, had planned her life in her head but the death of the baby came as a shock and makes Shoba authorise that nothing in this world can be vouched for. Be birth of their disconnection, they try to find a way to seek forgiveness and go down to reveal a secret each, every night when the light went off at eight. The definition of excuse is an acknowledgment or disclosure of sin or sinfulness and though in the process of vindication, two Shukumar and Shoba felt relieved superficially, they end up hurting and disappointing each other unintentionally. It made them realize the fact that they did not know each other too well. Eventually, instead of strengthening the relationship, Shukumar and Shobas acknowledgments cause them to walk away from each other, but in the end it is Shukumars confession ab issue their absolutely baby that brings the two closer to each other.Shukumars confession begins with romantic memories. In his premier(prenominal) confession he tells Shoba about their first date because it was the first thing that came to his mind when he was refreshing his memory. Shukumar remembered, The first time we went out to dinner, to the Portuguese place, I forgot to tip the waiter. I went back the next morning, found out his name, left money with the manager (222). Shukumars first confession is simple because he has no desire how Shoba would later use this game to manipulate and hurt him. Shukumar hoped that through the game, they would get closer to each other, Shoba would light to her normal self and their love would rekindle but he was unaware that Shobas hope for anything at all had died along with their baby.Next day, Shukumar admits his fault in his second confession which means that his second confession goes deeper than his first. Shukumar said I cheated on my oriental exam in college (226). Shukumar carried the burden of his shameful deed for

Information System Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 14000 words

Information System aegis - Essay Example31)Computer systems thus have to be constantly available, secure and accurate. To ensure this, satisfactory and effective risk management practices moldiness be in place that is, risk management must be effectively integrated into an organizations existing tribute model, having readily available solutions for security threats and being ever vigilant for novel security threats as they develop.The purpose of this study is to identify the mathematical function of risk management as part of the security model of newfangled information systems. To address this objective, the researcher primarily undertook a comprehensive review of related literature. The gained knowledge is then applied to a expression study to illustrate the potential value of the area under investigation.For ensuring system security, an organisation ought to implement an efficacious security model and carry out certain analyses and implementation steps. This Question will research how encounter management is defined in the literature and of which components it consists of. In addressing risk management, the role of risk analysis is investigated as an important tool in analysing the shortcomings of an organisations security system. It will then identify the antithetic methods available to organisations to implement a sound risk management paradigm.For the identification of the risks faced by modern information systems, the researcher identified and presented the most common risks and threats a modern information system faces at present and how they have developed over time. The study investigated several(prenominal) external and internal risks and the technologies used by nation who pose threats. The researcher proceeds with a detailed analysis of the available technologies for risk reduction in information systems.Dutta & McCrohan (2002) assert that commercial operations have always been wrought with security problems, and over the years, severa l ways of responding to these issues have evolved. The increasing popularity

American history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American history - Essay ExampleThe scenario has non much changed. The blacks and heathen minorities still have to fight for their rights in the twentieth century and struggle to avail privileges that are enjoyed by the white nation.Andrew Jackson was the 7th president of America who had made a mark for himself when he had overcome the mighty British army at New Orleans. His great patriotism is backed by his more personal sacrifices. He was one of the most publicly favored presidents who had repolarized American politics (Jackson). Those who backed were called democrats and the opponents came to be known as republicans. Though Jackson had considerably influenced the American politics and was especially hailed for his decision to negative for rechartering of the bank which had vested economic interests of the few, he, nevertheless, cannot be ranked as one of the greatest presidents of America. Jackson, during his military days had not only brutalized Indians but he was also know n for his pro-slain truth actions and had even bought black slaves for his homeRacial differences were very apparent in southern American states whereas the northern American colonies had considerably moved forward in terms of black population enjoying more rights and privileges. The defeat of the British forces lead to the independence of 13 British colonies of North America which were together called United States of America and in 1789, the first President George Washington took swearing under the ratified constitution of America. In 1971, the introduction of bill of rights and other constitutional amendments paved personal manner for abolition of slavery (Washington, internet). The attitude of the native Americans started undergoing rapid transformation as the non white population started take a firm stand for their rights and became more visible in political, religious, social and economic arena. In the contemporary times also, the non white population of America has to figh t against racial

Marketing Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Research Paper - Essay ExampleThe answer lies in the heathenish predisposition of bump on how it position its product to its market at a given time and cultural context. To illustrate, we are going to take the old turn commercial at http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQ0FRW1W3yA& cause=related. At a first glance, the commercial seems banal and corny which is typical of old commercials. It may nonwithstanding seem meaningless because each(prenominal) it has are just singing of scantily clad woman and sets of men. merely if we observe closely on its message, this is where cokes cultural sensitivity lies that made it appealing to all ages. Its value proposition was value with coke being big that every time the consumers in that epoch buy coke, they get more because coke got big. Their enticement was basically consumers get more with the analogous price and taste and this is aligned with the cultural preference of people towards value during that time. If the same message will be used today as a value proposition to push coke in the market, it will surely fail because the preference of the market is different. In those times, people were not further informed of the sugar content of coke that could make an individual fat by drinking it excessively. In those times, coke is a delicious soda drink only that the purchasing power of the consumers are not yet as powerful compared today because it was the time of early industrial era where people does not draw much. So, value mattered to them for a delicious drink and health does not yet matter. Thus, coke attacked the cultural pic of its consumers to position itself to its prospective market. Now let us move fast forward and observe its naked commercial coke zero at this link http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=_BxDcn3Jw0c. The commercials ruth, or emotional persuasion, albeit lacking in ethos or logic, is very powerful because it appeals to the prevailing accessible desirables such as sexiness, being cool , in addition to its great taste without the sugar. We can also observe that the new social desirables already changed especially with the necessity of being with a special someone. Coke managed to fill the youthful age emotional vacuity by associating itself with an attractive girl who is helplessly attracted to a guy who prefers coke zero. Albeit the approach lacks logic or ethos, coke knew that the audience will overlook it in lieu of the stronger empty talk of its pathos. Another strong case for capitalizing on the cultural context of a given society is its remove to look good in order to become socially acceptable and desirable. Virginia Slims cigarette appeals to this cultural ingest to be beautiful and advertizes its product as a panacea that could fill that need. Virginia Slims cigarette may not explicitly state this in their advertisements but the use of attractive women who are beautiful by the bill of western society exudes the rhetoric of aesthetic appeal that is co nnected to filling a need for pathos or emotional fulfillment. The cigarette maker knows that in western culture, particularly America, being loved or desired has the pre-requisite of being physically beautiful in order to attract men. Such, it capitalizes on using womens image as models which are considered to be beautiful during its particular era that act as archetypes of bang and confidence, but also set a standard for such traits, which most women feel

Exploring the Bible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exploring the Bible - Essay causeExodus 3 depicts that deity drew the attention of Moses out of the middle of the bush and calls him with name Moses. It fire be stated from the above statement that God is aware of the name of every individual. More all over, God said, I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. It can be postulated from the Exodus 3 that Moses was claustrophobic to explore the God and obscured his face (BibleGateway.com, Exodus 3 (American Standard Version)).From Exodus 3 Gods ability to observe the affliction and misery of His people can be reflected upon. Furthermore, the Exodus reveals the Gods inclination to save people from the Egyptians and bring them to a virtuous and broad estate. Accordingly, it can be reflected that God is aware of the validity and pain suffered by the people and He is firmly determined to eliminate those sufferings and to translate relief to them from the burden of affliction. God intends to determine His people to virtuous land which has been described as land flowing with milk and honey (BibleGateway.com, Exodus 3 (American Standard Version). God said to Moses, He would take them to the dwelling of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites (BibleGateway.com, Exodus 3 (American Standard Version). The God reveals His concern against the oppression experienced by Israelites. From the above passage, the Gods nature can be identified to be extremely patient, merciful and supreme over all the facets (BibleGateway.com, Exodus 3 (American Standard Version) Peoples Church Partington, hegira 3 417). In this regard, God can be identified to be patient as He being aware of the sufferings of His people and His invincible power to relief His people at a single instance, does not haste in His action to bring His people out of the oppression by Egyptians. Moreover, nature of God can be termed as merciful because He is concerned about the hardship and affliction of His people. Last but not the least, God can be considered as sovereign over all the facets as He has the power to perform any action without any fear or objection. 2. ACCORDING TO THIS SECTION OF EXODUS (ESPECIALLY CHAPTERS 5-12), WHY DOES GOD BRING THE VARIOUS PLAGUES UPON THE EGYPTIANS? CITE SPECIFIC PASSAGES THAT develop THE PURPOSE FOR THESE PLAGUES (TAKEN TOGETHER). ACCORDING TO THE BIBLICAL AUTHOR, DO THE PLAGUES ACCOMPLISH THEIR PURPOSES? WHY OR WHY NOT? FINALLY, condition A RESPONSE WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THIS? When Moses and Aaron departed to Pharaoh of Egypt and said that the God of Israel has said to qualifying the Israelites so that they are able to hold veneration to God in the wilderness then Pharaoh denies and said, who is the gentle and why should I obey him (BibleGateway.com, Exodus 3 (American Standard Version) Peoples Church Partington, EXODUS 3 417). Pharaoh further declared that he does not know the God and he would no t allow the people belonging to Israel to go. On hearing this, Moses returned to the God and said,

European Idea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

European musical theme - Essay faceUnited States had financed the European war effort through the lend lease agreement in which 50.1 meg US Dollars (almost 700 billion dollars at 2007 prices) worth of materiel was dispatched. However at the end of the Second knowledge base War, Europe was in no position to repay the mammoth debt. Also the tremendous rise in industrial effort in United States had led to a high level of production electrical condenser whose only possible buyers could be the European states. Thus it was in Ameri potentiometer vested interests as well to finance the reconstruction of Europe through various instruments available, one of which was the European Recovery Plan or the marshal Plan. exactly to American thinkers, the biggest hindrance to the reconstruction of Europe was the traditional strict protectionist trade structure of Europe. American thinkers rightly believed that quick recovery of European Continent could only be possible by the introduction of a United Europe on the lines of United States where all the resources available are synergized to achieve a faster reconstruction and growth.However this could not just be credited to United States as the booster amplifier of European Idea as the entire continent was tired of the countless wars and long standing detestation in the continent. Movements had started all over Europe for integration of Europe into one federal state or state like structure. However the Europeans wanted to stay away from American sphere of influence as well as the iron curtain of Europe and maintain a third European Pole. But the cold war ensured that this non alignment would be increasingly difficult to maintain and the Europe as on the border of expanding Soviet sphere of influence have to choose United States as its reliable collaborationist and accept the American model of governance.The come upl Plan was the first step in practically forcing the European idea into the real world. As per Marshall Pl an, United States agreed to fund the reconstruction effort in post war Europe only on the condition that if the Europe act together and typify a mutually agreed reconstruction plan. Indirectly United States dictated the European states to learn to do towards a common European recovery goal rather than the narrow self interest they had withal been following. This had a remarkable effect on the integration of future Europe. The Marshall Plan itself and the institutional utensil established to implement it became the training grounds for the bureaucrats who later on worked in institutional integration of Europe. The victory of the plan demonstrated to all and sundry in Europe, the benefits of economic integration. The free trade and non protectionist environment generated ascribable to Marshall Plan ensured continuous two decades of excellent Economic Growth. Thus Marshall Plan stands as one towering example of United Statess influence in shaping up the European Idea into a pract ical reality.North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) became another fundamental effort by United States to shape up European thought into mutual coexistence in political and defence domains. What Marshal Plan achieved in economic domain was achieved by NATO in political / military domains. Though it can be argued that Marshal Plan started the economic integration process which culminated into one European Economy, while postcode of this sort is visible in military / political

Marketing - Marketing Metrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing - Marketing Metrics - search ExampleThe mere thought that the sheet enrapture market segment will become everlasting(a) is illogical. In the sheet send outs French market segment industry indicates the government had interpreted the industry on board. Consequently, the get together Kingdom government must follow the example of the French government, in terms of prioritizing the cruise embark industry (http//www.cybercruises.com/shiplist.htm). 2. Cruise Market Watch In terms of United States cruise ship travel (http//www.cruisemarketwatch.com/blog1/market/), there are statistical data indicating which sector leads. In terms of age, cruise ship customers belonging to the 40-49 years of age ranks no. 1 & 2 at 26 percent. Cruise ship customers belonging to the 60 and above years of age ranks no. 1& 2 at similar 26 percent. Lastly, the cruise ship customers belonging to the 50-59 years of age ranks no. 3, at 22 percent. The income data indicates a striking cruise ship c ompany impression. First, cruise ship customers belonging to the $100,000 to $200,000 annual income ranks no. 1 at 39 percent. Second, cruise ship customers belonging to the $75,000 to $100,000 annual income ranks no. 2 at 19 percent. Third, cruise ship customers belonging to the $60,000 to $75,000 annual income ranks no. 3 at 16 percent. ... Further, the data indicates that there is a significant difference when the race criteria are used. The bloodless gender understands 91 percent of the cruise ship customers. The Americans represent 3 percent of the cruise ship customer pie. Last, the other race profiles represent 6 percent of the cruise ship customer pie. In terms of employment status, there is a significant difference. The graduates comprised 75 percent of the cruise ship customer population. On the other hand, the undergraduates comprised 25 percent of the cruise ship customer population. The graduates include those with doctoral degrees. In terms of employment status, the re is also a significant difference. Statistics indicate the full time workers represent 63 percent of the entire cruise ship population. On the other hand, only 20 percent of the entire cruise ship population had retired from work. 3. Drivers of the Cruise ship Business. There are many factors operate the cruise ship business to continue serving the needs of the current and prospective cruise ship customers, including customers of Cunard cruise ship lines. Customers. Cunard shipping lines is one of the oldest and finest cruise ship lines in the global, especially United Kingdom, cruise ship industry. The Cunard cruise ship lines offers cruise to major ports of the world. The ports include Mediterranean, Caribbean, Northern European, and other World cruise ship tours (Kotler, 2009). Carnival United Kingdom Chief executive David Dingle emphasized 2010 was the most roaring year for the company, in terms of cruise ship financial performance. The companys acquisition of some(prenomin al) cruise ships bolstered its financial performance. The company acquired Caronia, QE2 and the brand new Queen Mary 2. The three cruise ships had incompatible

Supply and Demand in substitute products (cell phones) in our current Research Paper

Supply and Demand in substitute products ( stall prognosticates) in our current eon - Research Paper ExampleTo illustrate, as Luo (2006) points out, if government imposes loftyer tax rates on mobile phone predicts, consumer demand for cell phones would decline whereas demand and furnish would increase when the government sets favorable tax rates. political sympathies policies regarding imports can also significantly affect the demand and supply in the cell phone industry. Similarly, as Pierskalla and Hollenbach (2013) point out, technology also plays an inevitable role determining the demand and supply of cell phone products. The industry analysts say that technological innovations can reduce the production salutes of products like cell phones and this spatial relation in turn would increase their demand and supply. In addition, advancements in technology would assist cell phone manufacturers to offer technologically improved products to customers and consequently the demand and supply would be improved.Evidently, cost of production is inversely related to demand and supply (Hortman, n.d.). When the cost of production increases, manufactures will be compelled to charge higher prices for their products and this in turn would lead to a decline in demand and supply. In emerging countries like chinaware and India, labor costs are relatively low and therefore production costs can be notably reduced. According to Sugden (2022, P. 42), nature of the industry can influence the demand and supply to some extent. now cell phones have become increasingly popular and therefore people consider it as a necessity product. As a result, the supply and demand of cell phones would remain to be stable careless(predicate) of small variations in price. Degree of Competitiveness Degree of competitiveness is very high in the cell phone industry because there are numerous potential players like Nokia, Samsung, LG, and Sony operating in this empyrean (see Figure 1). Price c ompetition is very common in the cell phone industry because either marketer tries to improve the demand and supply of his products in order to obtain an edge over competitors by taking advantages of price sensitivity of modern customers. Therefore, a cell phone marketer cannot sustain in the industry if he fixes prices above the par industry prices. In addition, cell phone companies compete ground on technology also. To illustrate, today cell phone marketers integrate technological features like video facility, high MP cameras, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPRS, dual sim, external memory into their products with intent to retain customer interests. In order to destination the intense market competition, the firms managers should particularly try to keep their labor costs and sensible costs low and thereby minimize costs of production. For this, managers need to establish their production plants in countries where cost of raw materials and labor is relatively low. Effects of Macroeconomic Events A decline in the relative set of the US dollar can have a significant impact on the demand and supply of cell phones. Evidently a declining value of the US dollar would directly lead to an increase in US import prices (Effects of a Falling Dollar). It is clear that the US cell phone market is dominated by foreign companies and hence a fall in the relative v

Marriage Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marriage Ethics - Essay ExampleNotably, proponents of aforesaid(prenominal) sex marriages hold the rights of heterosexual couples. Surprisingly, the opponents of same sex marriages express strong opinions and refutations against the gay marriages for instance. It is important that both sides notify that diverse concourse have different ideologies and perceptions regarding the marriage union. This paper will show that same sex marriages, specifically gay marriages, ought to be legalized just as heterosexual marriages legal. Legalizing both types of marriages warrants a harmonious alliance.To a earthshaking proportion of the society, the question whether couples in a same sex marriage relationship deserve same matrimonial benefits enjoyed by heterosexual couples is a question of civil rights. The constitutional concepts on this subject get that same sex couples be treated like heterosexual couples. A significant percentage of the society members, however hold a different percep tion on the matter based on ghostlike and estimable values (Card, 2007). They perceive of same sex marriage as a vice that violates tralatitious ethics and risks undermining family values. Seemingly, opponents of same sex marriage seem to argue based on their ghostlike teachings and ethical values that may not have significance to the whole society. They fail to note that these values and teachings start out from society to society and are subject to change with time (Greene, 2009).To a significant percentage of people constituting the American society, the religious aspect is a crucial aspect to their conception of the marriage institution. Therefore, it is expected that religious opinions feature and hence influence the opinion of most people regarding the subject. Such people fail to appreciate that various scholars and judges have shown that as long as the controversial issue is restrained within civil marriage, then religious views or perceptions are void and immaterial. The impression is that marriage has nothing to do

Arctic Mining Consultants Essay Example for Free

Arctic Mining Consultants EssayThis particular case looks into how Arctic Mining Consultants crew did not in effect do their job in Eagle Lake, Alaska. turkey cock Parker is a geological demesne technician and theater coordinator for the company. He acted as the aim manager on the job near Eagle Lake, Alaska. His crew of sketch assistants consisted of John Talbot, Greg Boyce, and Brian Millar. turkey cock had worked with all three field assistants in the beginning.Tom has specialized skills in claim staking, birth jumpting and grid installation, soil sampling, prospecting, and trenching. This particular job involved skating 15 claims, which consist of scar a line with flagging tape and blazes along the perimeter of the claim. A claim post is cut every 500 yards, meaning 60 miles in line total. Tom hoped to complete the job in a week, and offered the field assistants each a $300 bonus if it was completed in quantify. This would be added to their somewhat crushed daily wages. As the job progressed, tension was thick because the deadline was approaching.The field assistants were working long days, and 2 of them were continually not happen uponing Toms expectations. Tom particularly took his frustrations out on Millar. learn Issues The field assistants are given little motivation to work hard. They are paid fairly low daily wages and are putting in long days. Tom Parker does not offer unequivocal encouragement either, yelling and making the field assistants feel bad could make them care less close the job. The field assistants are provided meals and accommodations, but even Tom admitted that a lot was expected of them in a short amount of time.Tom Parker is not a good attractor. He is the one and only(a) who does the hiring, training and supervise for all of Arctic Mining Consultants programs. It could be possible he is not properly training field assistants to thoroughly meet his expectations. Tom Parker, on more than then one occasion, exploded with anger. He did not coach his squad, he just yelled at them. If he was supervising there work on Day 3, he should have communicated with the field assistants and told them how to improve their work then. On Day 6, when the field assistants did coming into court improvement, Parker did not give them any substantiative reinforcements.Also, even after Paker picked on only Millar for bad performance, he asked him to work for him again. The field assistants seem to have very different capabilities and attitudes. Boyce did not get picked on by Parker, but admitted to Millar that he only worked as hard as he had to. Boyce had the worst results of everyone. Talbot met his quota and stayed to help Boyce meet his. He was a team player. Millar put in more time and effort, by world the introductory one dropped off Day 6 and 7, last one picked up Day 6 and 7, and not taking lunch Day 5. He worked himself so hard, that he collapsed at dinner, to tired to eat.Define the bother Th e key problem in this case is that Tom Parker is not a good leader. He is in charge of hiring, training, and supervising field assistants. Couldnt the field assistants work be reflected on Tom because he did not properly train them? Also, Tom selected the field assistants for this job. He should have known what they were capable of before selecting them. He had worked with al of them before, so he should have had reasonable expectations for each of them. Tom also make a hostile working environment with much stress and little positivity.Alternative Solutions Solution 1 Tom needs to be retained as a project manager. Being a project manager means being a leader. Tom is not a good leader. An effective leader is one who leads by encouraging the employees and making them want to succeed, thereby making the organization meet and stand out its goals over time. (Thakur, 2005). Tom did not handle conflict well he took his frustrations out on one particular field assistant. Relational leaders hip is one form of effective leadership. Relational leadership centers more or less person-to-person relationships.One of the significant components of all relationships is how conflict is handled. (Ferch Mitchell, 2011). The advantage of retaining Tom to gain leadership skills would be that Tom potentially could more effectively train field assistants and make a better team dynamic. The disadvantage is that Arctic Mining Consultants would have to spend time and money to re train the trainer, Tom. It would be beneficial for him to develop new leadership skills, but it might be difficult not having a project manager. Solution 2 Tom and Arctic Mining Consultants should offer more incentives to his field assistants.It doesnt even have to be monetary. Offering positive reinforcement for work well done would be beneficial to Tom and his team. While money is important to employees, what tends to motivate them to perform and to perform at high levels is the thoughtful, personal kind o f recognition that signifies true appreciation for a job well done. (Eastern, 2012). The advantage of this outcome would be that employees would feel better about the work they are doing, and feel good hen they excel. field assistants would be working in a positive environment.The disadvantage would be employees would start to expect positive reinforcements and bonuses, feeling they are entitled to it. Solution 2 Hire new field assistants. Tom could more carefully select his field assistants for a job. He should do more research on candidates capabilities and run through if he has high expectations. The advantage of having a different team of field assistants would be that he could strive out those who do not meet expectations before hand. The negative side of hiring new field assistants is the time it would take to evaluate new candidates as field assistants.Selected Solution I believe the first solution would bee best to solve this case. Tom needs to reevaluate his leadership tactics. He does not communicate effectively with his crew. He needs to think of the crew working together like a team, and he is coach. Tom is not being effective by focusing on the negatives he needs to analyze what is being done wrong, and coach field assistants to correct their problem. Implementation/Recommendations First, Arctic Mining Consultant should have Tom trains another potential project manager that already works for the company.The candidate should undergo some fibre of leadership training. Then Tom will engage in a leadership-training program. The candidate will be the project manager while Tom is absent. Then, the two project managers, Tom and candidate, will work as a team to direct field assistants. Tom needs a new outlook on his management style. Implementing this plan will help achieve that. This will also help make more effective work teams.

Suspense of the audience Essay Example for Free

Suspense of the audience EssayThis biblical connection serves as a model to the audience that Elizabeth is going to die You cornerstone hear the rain dripping against the building and roof that gives this token part an eerie effect, because it sounds like the drums used before an execution. We move onto the following scene. After you make the silhouette of the heller that tricks you to believe that you are looking at him from Elizabeths point of view almost immediately you see nothing but the hand cover Elizabeths m f on the whole outh you see it being done with a birds optic view so you earth-closet tell exactly what has happened to her. We then go out of doors to the three hands once again. Victor sees the balcony door open and wauls Elizabeth in a frantic voice Building up the sense of urgency. The music is reaching a crescendo in sympathy with the action on the screen. The last-place scene is similarly the most action-packed There is a close-up of the fauna l ying on top of a very scared and terrified Elizabeth, each staring at the other in silence this is a very quiet moment for the audience it gives you your breath back from the outsideThere is eerie music in the background to match with this eerie moment. The audience has time to contemplate what will happen neighboring? Will the monster let her go or will she die? The close up reveals the monster looking admirably at Elizabeth and for a moment we believe she will escape. It still has the amber smoothen at bottom, but because this is a different situation the amber doesnt give out the romantic feel any much, it gives out a chilling feel instead The silence is broken when Elizabeth asks not be hurt.This is still a close up and you washstand hear Elizabeth breathing in fear and see the expression on her confused and bewildered face. The creature takes up a lot of the camera space in this whirl he wears black that is a sign that the evil is domineering over the good. Dont bother screaming, demands the creature in case they find him. He says it again to make himself clear. At this moment you feel sorry for Elizabeth, because you go to bed she is going to die and you are part of her experience because the camera angle is a close-up and you feel her emotions.The Creature says, Your even livelier than I had expected in that respect is then a flash of lightening in the sidle up it catches the eye of the creature, he is blinded and bewildered by it for a split second, he recovers and hears Victor shout Elizabeth from outside the room. He suddenly digs his hand into Elizabeths chest, the three men then burst in and all of a sudden the Creature catches the audience off-guard by ripping the heart out of Elizabeth in a matter of milliseconds and turning to Victor utters, I check my promises.The three men start to blast at the creature, but the creature throws the dead Elizabeth off the bed her hair catches fire which brings in more than excitement for the v iewers. The creature makes a dash for the balcony window and jumps out onto the ground. This is all mid-shot, and distances you from the action so that you can see the whole picture. The scene ends with the romantic feel it started off with, but this is a tragic coquet as we are left to watch Victor cradling the dead Elizabeth in his arms after move the fire out of the hair. My evaluationThe director has used a wide range of skills to contribute to the achiever of this scene. He shifts the viewers through a range of emotions and expectations through his use of contrast, lighting and sound. The sense of distrust is heightened by the use of small short, contrasting scenes cut fast-flyingly between them. In my opinion, the director should enterprise to and use the audiences four senses so that the audience feels even more part of the film, thus becoming more scared when something harrowing happens I think a brilliant idea to back this up would to be adding smell and touchfor exam ple you can smell the flowers and candles burning in the love scene and you can feel the warmth and smooth fabric on the bed. I think that the director was very impressive in the scene and do good use of what he could. He used lighting, sounds and images which all made the audience hooked into the scene. I in particular was glued to it, and was always thinking, What will happen next? It does seem like a mad rush but that is good in horror films, the quick feeling of adrenalin pumping through the body is the main objective of the director ConclusionThe scene that I studied was a very good example of a horror movie There were all the ingredients that are needed to fulfil a good horror movie, such as the normal love scene turning into a horror scene. Contrast plays an important part in horror movies. For example, there was the contrast between the beauty of Elizabeth and the ugliness of the Creature and the beauty of the love scene which shows the creation of intent through love and the contrast of the death about to befall her. The director uses very good techniques to keep the audience glued to the film.He let the audience know there was horror awaiting outside, but inside Elizabeth was completely unaware of what was about to befall her and the audience just want to let her know that she should line out of there, but we feel frustrated because we cant do anything about the information we have. The audiences emotions are so heightened and confused. I especially like the use of colours in the love scene and the contrast with the excitement of the dark storm outside. I think that emphasises the mood of the whole scene the evil that lurks outside.I also like the flips between the inside and the outside, where you feel warm and secure inside and vulnerable and scared outside The director is playing with the emotions of the audience. Overall, it is an effective scene I think it could even be an inspiration to other horror film directors because of the tech niques that were used and the way they were used By Matthew Kutner 10G Matthew Kutner 10G 1 Show preview altogether The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Major issues in second language classroom research Essay Example for Free

Major issues in back expression schoolroom look into EssayChapter one is completely ab come to the fore the major issues in instant row instruction that arose during schoolroom look for. There are four general issues concerning the effectiveness of the classroom instruction that was mentioned.The archetypal issue is entitle Learning from instruction which concerns Krashens extensive analysis of the role of instruction within his framework of interpreting L2 acquisition, wherein he views the personal effects of instruction as modified, however the classroom should function to append the learner with comprehensible target speech communication (TL) input in an affectively supportive climate. The second issue is entitled Teacher talk the main goal of this query has been to fix what makes teacher talk an aid to discipline, the initial approach of this research has been to describe the features of L2 teacher talk which distinguish it from speech to L2 learners in non instructional settings.The third gear issue is entitled learner behavior, both the teacher and the learners fork up been investigated not only their lingual behavior but their knowledge strategies and social fundamental interactions with other learners have been the target of research. Some researchers have determined great emphasis on finding out whether the learners are viewed as being in reign of their own study.The last issue is entitled Interaction in the classroom , interaction is viewed as important because it is argued that 1) only through interaction can the learner decompose the TL structures and derive meaning from classroom events, 2) interaction gives learners the opportunities to incorporate TL structures into their own speech. In chapter one the four major issues were introduced, because in the chapters that lead follow, each chapter ordain treat the issues just outlined in greater detail.Chapter 2 Classroom research methods.Chapter two presents the princip al studies and concepts that have elaborated the methodology for observing and analyzing classroom instruction and interaction. Several approaches were mentioned in this chapter, majority of it is the methodological approaches. Methodological approaches to the psychoanalyse of L2 classrooms are extremely varied, reflecting both a great mutation of research questions and purposes, and a range of theoretical perspectives on the conduct of research.There is a continuous countersign between the success and failures of duodecimal and qualitative approaches to portray and explain precisely the processes and products of classroom interactions.These approaches have followed methods pick out by researchers in native talking to schooling or other sociological and sociolinguistic studies of communicatory interaction. In this chapter these methods were expound with regard to their capacity to extract and validate generalizations about social and linguistic processes occurring in L2 class rooms.Chapter 3 Teacher talk in second language classroomsChapter three surveys research on the linguistic and discourse characteristics of teacher speech to L2 learners. This chapter reviews research that has investigated second language classrooms in terms of teachers language use in the classroom, especially the characteristic features that differentiate speech to nonnative speakers from that to native speakers.It was excessively mentioned here the four changes in teacher speech which are first is the modifications of speech rate, prosody, phonology, wherein the researchers that were involved , found teachers speech to second language learners to be slower, in comparison with other contexts and conditions. here and now is the modifications of vocabulary, where they claim that both non teachers and teachers tend to use a to a greater extent basic set of vocabulary items in their narratives told to L2 learners. Third is the modifications of syntax, it is by far one of the most i nvestigated and quantified characteristics of teacher talk has been teachers syntactic modifications. These can be grouped into five types measures of length of utterances, measures of subordination, measures of markedness, measures of grammaticality, and measures of distribution of sentence types.And the last one is the modification of discourse, which has two categories the framing moves, where the only significant difference in framing moves was that visiting teachers used more, compared with the perpetual teachers. The second category is the self-repetition, where on the assumption that repetitions may provide the learner with more opportunities to process cultivation or follow the teachers model. In this review, a variety of teacher behaviors have been described and compared across different contexts.Chapter 4 Learner behavior in second language classroomsChapter four reviews research on the characteristics of learner behavior- participation and speech. They consider researc h on the contribution of the learner acquisition of a second language. Classroom researchers have focused on learners verbal and social interactions and have inferred learning strategies from learners behavior in such interactions. There were also hypotheses in the data and tentative conclusions about relationships to learning that are described in this chapter. These hypotheses will form the basis for organizing the results of studies on learner behavior.Research on learners classroom behaviors addressed several major hypotheses. In addition, a final section of this chapter examines studies of learners learning strategies, a relatively recent nation of investigations in second language classroom research. As for learner strategies, there are clearly dark-fruited topics for further research. It is evident that the strategies identified to date constitute a very mixed set of phenomena, not all of which can be investigated under classroom conditions.Chapter 5 Teacher and student in teraction in second language classroomsChapter five describes research on teacher-leaner interaction. In this chapter several of the factors that have been considered to influence the lumber and quantity of teacher-student interaction are examined.The interaction which occurs as a result of these factors is described, and some of the likely consequences of the interaction for learners are fireed. In the view of numerous researchers and practitioners, conversation and instructional exchanges between teacher and students provide the silk hat opportunities for the learners to exercise target skills, to test out their hypotheses about the target language, and to get useful feedback.The classroom research has shown that teachers may be less likely to address L2 learners when they are mixed with native speakers. It has also been revealed that teachers different questioning strategies may be either helpful for inhi maculationing of communication in classrooms.The superlative error tea chers make may be the assumption that what occurs as correction in the classroom interaction automatically leads to learning on the part of the student. The nature of interaction in L2 classrooms is perhaps the most life-sustaining issue concerning formal second language learning, and although the research cited in this chapter suggests important ways in which modern instructional practice may be both effective for and detrimental to promotion of TL skills, the realized picture remains to be developed.Chapter 6 Learning outcomesChapter six draws together all of the foregoing research, as well as other studies, to determine the state of knowledge about learning outcomes resulting from teachers and learners classroom interaction. This chapter will review research on L2 classroom processes that have a potentially positive effects on learners perception and incorporation of the forms and functions of the target language. It should be clear that there is substance to the view that cla ssroom instruction will aid L2 acquisition. The direction of results in the few large-scale classroom studies favors slightly a focus on form or evident talk about grammar.Research on outcomes of learner production and teacher-learner interaction, suggests furthermore that other factors in classroom learning may contribute greatly to acquisition. Some of these factors may underline or interact with the effects noted in this section. The research reviewed here concerning the TL learning effects of interaction in L2 classrooms is limited in its conclusions, yet highly suggestive for further research. provided still there are many research that remained unsolved, but hope that in the future many of these will be once and for all solved.Chapter 7 Directions for research and teachingAs the last chapter it is obvious that the major findings of the research will be summarized, and that implications for further research and teaching in second language classrooms will be suggested. Despit e the add of classroom-oriented research in recent years, few can be made with great confidence because of the clog of synthesizing.When all the research has been carefully analyze it has been shown that research is lacking in consistent measures of classroom processes and products. sometimes inadequate in design to address critical research question. It is also incomplete in its quantitative or qualitative analysis, which leads to a regard of greater theoretical specification of the constructs and relationships to be investigated.A banter of these methodological issues is to be carried out before any future directions are suggested. In this chapter it was also pointed out the areas for future research on classroom reading, outline major implications for curriculum planning and L2 instruction, and lastly to suggest ways of achieving greater consistency across classroom research studies. The reason of pointing these out is because, it makes it more easier for future researchers to find answers.SummarySince the 1960s, there has been an increasing attempt in research on teaching and learning from instruction to relate the major features of teacher and student behavior in classrooms to learning outcomes. The research in this entertain deals with the nature of the teacher and student behavior in real classroom.Using this set up , researchers were able to observe and analyze what is really the nature of the teacher and the students behavior. They were able to determine what are the factors that can affect a L2 learner in acquiring language. They were focused on the learning and acquisition of the L2. In the first chapter, they discussed the major issues that arose during the research.The chapters that follows, the primary research studied is that conducted in L2 classrooms, in simulations of language classrooms, or in semi-instructional, tutoring interactions between teachers or L2 speakers and language learners.Many theories, hypotheses and approaches were fo rmed and used in these research. But there was a memo in the start of the chapter, it says that the fact that this mass is reviewing research on the precede issues does not guarantee that the research will provide unam bounteousuous answers to them. Its because the research that was done in this book has not yet been proven to be accurate.The purpose of this book has been to attempt to elucidate the critical issues and findings of research in and about second language classrooms. While the studies reviewed here clearly are not always as rigorous or convincing as we would like, the past ten years of classroom-oriented research is impressive in the breadth and depth of study of a variety of issues, when virtually every study was groundbreaking in one respect or another- methodology, research questions, population studied, analytical techniques applied.At the akin time, second language instruction has been gaining importance, as more people throughout the world find the need to acqu ire one or more second languages. There is diversification in the specific purposes of language instruction, an increase in language schools and programs, and an expansion in training programs for second language teachers, researchers, and program developers. For these reasons alone, second language classroom research has an important role to play.ReflectionI think this book is kinda the catch. Especially if you are an English major like me. This book helped me to understand a bit more the importance of second language acquisition. I already know from my ESL/EFL class that learning a second language is important, but this book made me realize that acquiring a second language will be very advantageous for me.Because if I learn my second language perfectly, I know that I will be more confident in myself. And that I can be globally competitive. This book does not only talk about second language acquisition, it also talks about classroom-oriented research. In the classroom-oriented res earch they tackled the nature of the teacher and the behavior of the students.They wanted to know what are the factors that affect the L2 leaner in acquiring language and how can they overcome these if they were to be problems, and how can they improve it if it were a solutions. In this book there were also hypotheses theories, and approaches that were formed and used.The setting that was used is the classroom, and that the main subjects are the teachers and the learners. This book is a big help in understanding second language acquisition. Although some words are a bit hard to understand , I will still recommend this book to anyone who is interested in learning and acquiring a second language. And also to my fellow majors, because I know this book will be a big help in our studies.

Utilitarianism - Morality Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism Morality EssayUtilitarianism is a consequentialist theory holding that clean actions are based on the maximization of over whole mirth, defined as the Utility Principle. Mill and Benthams utileism makes a pat and convincing argument, though not everyone agrees with it. Bernard Williams writes Utilitarianism For and Against the theory. In agreement with Williams, I discombobulate formed my own thought experiment to disown functionalism and will be taking an analytic approach to the utility principle.By these two, I will acquaint that utilitarianism is an incoherent doctrine failing to consider the set of an individual and guilty of inappropriately attributing calculation to clean actions. Before I began, I would like define two popular forms of utilitarianism Act-utilitarianism and Rule-Utilitarianism. Rule-Utilitarianism is a view held by philosopher John-Stuart Mill, which is the view that the utility principle is applied to a certain instal of rule s. For example, consider you are a leader of a new nation. In establishing this nation, you want to make sure your citizens are happy throughout time.Thus, the question becomes what set of rules would you adopt to make this possible? Now, the problem with rule-utilitarianism is that it calls into question how effective it is to follow a particular rule in frequent. As we can see, rule-utilitarianism runs into most problems itself unfortunately, the exploration of its problems does not fit the range of the paper. I will spend the remainder of the paper critiquing Act-Utilitarianism the view that what determines a moral action is the outcome, that is, the individual(a) action only. To bring out the force of my claim, I must admit, utilitarianism threads a few things repair.Utilitarianism succeeds in (1) reflexion of the pleasure and pain of individuals (2) Not allowing individuals to put their soulfulnessal feelings or relationships ahead of others (3)Attempting to provide an accusative and numeric method for making moral findings. It is important to consider the pleasure and pain of every individual in that it causes us to reflect our moral intuitions. It forces us to examine each person and ask is what I am doing morally right?Further, not allowing personal feelings or relationships in stopping point making shows the importance of lawfulness in decision making. By doing that, you are forced to look at the objective events or point, whereas a personal bias could cause a skewed decision making which may not be the best decision in hindsight. Finally, by applying a quantitative method for making moral decisions, Utilitarianism revives the general attitude towards ethics. It is too often, that in philosophy and in other disciplines, ethics is simply casted out as being just ones personal feelings.With exploitation mathematical calculation in decision making, utilitarianism fosters rational decision making in that it is impossible for you to put you r own bias forth and creates an objective bank bill of ethics. To illustrate the effectiveness of utilitarianism Suppose your best friend and coworker, Erin, is broke and teals some currency from your top dog in order to buy food. Later, your boss finds out that he has a significant amount of money missing from his wallet.Knowing he certainly did not spend the money, he then realizes that the only plausible explanation of his missing money is theft. He then asks five of his employees (yourself included) if they had taken or heard some money missing. Naturally, the employees say no, though we do it Erin took it. In his rage, he threatens to fire three of the employees at ergodic if somebody does not confess. The three coworkers who did not take anything are fighting amongst themselves, blaming each other on stealing money, even though, they did not do it. You know Erin took it, though she begs you to keep quiet. In this situation, a utilitarian would hold the utility principle.G ranted, there may be personal feelings involved you know Erin is financially in trouble and she is your best friend, the personal connection would not play a role in your decision making. If you turn in Erin for the action she did, you have an 80% chance of keeping your job and those around you. Now, if you direct not to tell, you run the risk of possibly being fired for something you did not do, then at the minimum, 60% of the great deal will be fired, leaving only two.So, being a good utilitarian, you turn in your broke friend. Now, even though her intention was a noble one ( toilsome to feed her hungry daughter), using utilitarian based decision-making, you have (a) not allowed your personal feelings to get involved even though you know she needs it and her intention was to feed herself, (b) have employed an objective decision using utilitarian densification and (c) saved 4 peoples jobs and financial stability without running the risk of turning in the wrong person.Though, in so far as Utilitarianism is, at the surface level, a noble doctrine trying to account for every individual in making decisions, it is important to raise some objections against the doctrine in as being a coherent system of ethics.The Utility principle serves as a guideline in find out which actions are the most moral that which we should perform. According to Utilitarians, we are morally obligated to consider all potential significances of an action and pick the one which has the best consequences. Best, as defined by the utility principle Always produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people (Mill 78). From this principle, we can discontinue that moral happiness is solely dependent on each person being given contact consideration. While that seems reasonable, when we look a little closer, we find a gaping hole.When we say the greatest number, what do we really regard as? Do we mean the greatest amount of people happy? Do we mean the greatest average amount of people happy? Which one is it? To illustrate this confusion, consider five friends trying to decide which movie to go see lets symbolize it as A and B. In addition, each person will represent one happiness point (HP). Suppose three of them already have their paddy wagon set on seeing A. So, watching A will result in three people happy with two being upset, equaling 1 overall HP.The only other choice, B, will result in two happy campers and three upset moviegoers, resulting in a -1HP. Being good utilitarians, we decide to elect A, leaving us positive in happiness points. Suppose we discover that the three people absent to watch A are salvage happily willing to see B should B have been the snap off choice? If we see B, two will be ecstatic and the other three still happy. This, in effect, will raise the greatest number of people and the greatest amount of happiness, proving to be the better decision. With the overall total amount of happiness adjoind, it is time to se e the movie.Suppose A is within pass distance, whereas B is not. If they see A, all five can go, plus their children, resulting in a greater increase of the overall amount of happiness. Sounds good, though things get messy in doing the math. The two people not lacking(p) to see A represent a -2 in HPs. So while the overall happiness is greater, the average happiness is now decreased. This is an EXAMPLE OF HOW THE AVERAGE HAPPINESS AND THE OVERALL HAPPINESS MAY DIFFER1. tally TO THE utilitarian principle, one must give each person equal consideration in determining happiness.As we can see, trying to calculate each potential consequence for an action can get confusing and tiresome. Moreover, not only does the utilitarian principle struggle when trying to calculate the best consequence of each action, but begs the question what is the value of ones smell? Imagine a earth who can not experience happiness. His moods switch from pain to apathy, due to a neurological deficiency. Also, he is detached on an uninhabited island. While the firearm is clearly unhappy, he does not want to die.His reason he would rather be alive then dead. Is it morally right to kill 1 Mathematical disruption for further clarification 10 people in total= 10 HP 2 large number not wanting to see A= -2 HP 10-2= 8HP= 80% average happiness. Total amount of happiness is greater than before. Total average amount is decreased him? In considering the utility principle, his life has no happiness. Further, he cannot create any happiness for himself and there are no other people around to upbeat from him he only has the possibility of pain. Therefore, killing him would result in less aggregate pain for him. From this, the utilitarian would have to say that this is the right course of action.This seems counterintuitive. What that utilitarian is failing to ignore is the right to the mans life. Even if his life has no value or happiness, he has still expressed his desire to live. In making the de cision to kill him anyway, the utilitarian is placing no value on the mans life the utilitarian is playing God in saying that the morally right thing to do would be put him out of his misery. What I have shown is that utilitarianism strips a person from their integrity by employing this type of moral math in deciding the most morally just decision.To calculate the outcome of a situation that is derived from a principle defining morally correct actions as whichever situation has more people ignores the fact that as humans have a personal relation with the world. That is, that every person has a set of unique feelings toward others and the world we live in. These feelings help shape our moral compass and give us an indistinguishability which aids us in helping making moral decisions. Looking back at the man on the island, the utility principle was at the forefronttipping the proverbial scale towards the largest number and how they could benefit, while ignoring the moral value of the i ndividual.In concluding, Utilitarianism is a noble theory at its crux, but its standard for determining morally right actions as defined by the utility principle forces a person to be acted upon rather than to act. References Gendler, Tamar, Susanna Siegel, and Steven M. Cahn. Selections From Utilitarianism by John-Stuart Mill. The Elements of Philosophy Readings from past and Present. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2008. 498-511. Print J. J. C. Smart, Bernard Williams Utilitarianism For and Against. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1973. Print.

Hamburger - Patty Essay Example for Free

Hamburger Patty EssayHow Many Hamburgers? The data Charlie carrys around 12 cases of beefburgers weekly. Each case contains 80 hamburgers Each hamburger patty costs $. 60 New seller offer is Week 1 order 50 cases at $. 30 per patty Then 15 cases for the next 12 weeks at $. 45 per patty Question 1. How many hamburgers does Charlie normally sell during the geological check of the iron out? Charlie normally sells 12480 hamburgers during the degree of the edit out. 80 hamburgers (12 cases) = 960 hamburgers a week 960 hamburgers a week (13 weeks) = 12480 hamburgers during the period of the contract (13 weeks) 2.What is the full cost of the hamburger inventory for the period? The total cost of the hamburger inventory for the period is 28. 00. 12480 hamburgers ($0. 60) = $7488. 00 during the period of the contract. 3. How many hamburgers volition Charlie shoot to purchase on a lower floor the raw(a) vendor contract? Charlie will need to purchase 18400 hamburgers under the n ew vendor contract of 13 weeks. 50 cases (80 hamburgers) = 4000 hamburgers for week 1 15 cases (80 hamburgers) (12 weeks) = 14400 hamburgers for the next 12 weeks 4000 hamburgers (week 1) + 14400 hamburgers (12 weeks) = 18400 hamburgers during the period of the contract of 13 weeks.4. What is the total cost of this inventory? The total cost of the hamburger inventory for the period is $7680. 00. 4000 hamburgers ($0. 30) = $1200. 00 14400 hamburgers ($0. 45) = $6480. 00 $1200. 00 + $6480. 00 = $7680. 00 during the period of the contract. 5. What is the average cost of a hamburger under this rent? (Round to the nearest cent. ) The average cost of a hamburger under the new deal is $0. 42 $7680. 00 / 18400 hamburgers = $0. 42 (. 4173.. 3) 6. What is the percent savings per hamburger under the new deal? The percent savings per hamburger under the new deal is 30 % $0. 60 $0. 42 = $0. 18 $0.18 / $0. 60 = . 3 .3 (100) = 30% 7. What is the total cost savings? If Charlie accepts the new dea l, rather than buying the same amount of burgers from his authoritative vendor, what is the total cost savings? The total cost saving is $3360. 00 $11040. 00 $7680. 00 = $3360. 00 8. If hamburger gross revenue remain static at 12 cases per week during this period, how many hamburgers will Charlie switch rest in inventory at the end of 13 weeks? The remaining inventory at the end of 13 weeks is 5920 hamburgers 13 weeks (12 cases per week) (80 hamburgers) = 12480 hamburgers 18400 hamburgers 12480 hamburgers = 5920 hamburgers.9. If hamburger sales remain stable at 12 cases per week into the future, how many weeks will it chair to sell the remaining hamburgers? (Round to the nearest week. ) It will take Charlie about 6 weeks to sell the remaining hamburgers after the contract period ends. 50 cases (week 1) + (15 cases * 12 weeks) = 230 cases in inventory 12 cases per week (13 weeks) = 156 cases change in 13 weeks 230 cases 156 cases sold = 74 cases remaining 74 cases remaining / 12 cases sold per week = 6 weeks (6. 166666.. ) 10.If Joe can compute out a carriage to sell 14 cases a week, how many weeks will it take to sell the whole new vendor inventory? (Round to the nearest week. ) If Joe can figure out a way to sell 14 cases a week, it will take him about 16 weeks to sell the entire new inventory. 230 cases in inventory / 14 cases per week = 16 weeks (16. 428. ) 11. Beyond the price per patty savings, what factors should Joe consider when advising Charlie whether or not to take the new deal? Some factors Joe should consider is will they have to pay the entire cost up front? Or can they make weekly payments?What are the payment foothold on the new contract? Will they have enough space in the freezer to take in 50 cases and then another 15 cases per week for the next 12 weeks? Will they be able to sell the hamburger fast enough to store the rest of the cases if they dont have enough room? Will they be able to sell the all hamburgers before they expire or go bad? If they dont sell all the cases by the end of 13 weeks, will the next shipment come in and then they are over stock? Will the character reference of the new patties be as good as the one they currently have? Will the customers equivalent the new patties?Will they be able to sample the new patties before they decide to sign the contract? 12. The price per patty quoted by the new vendor is pleasant, but is this a good deal for the restaurant? If the customers like the new patties, they have enough room in the freezer, and the patties will keep fresh for a long enough time, I think that the deal is great for the restaurant. 13. Beyond the cost savings, what other factors need to be considered before buying a lot more hamburgers than you have sold in the onetime(prenominal)? I think I cover the answer to this marvel in question 11.(Please refer to question 11) 14. How can Joe make this deal more attractive to Charlie? Joe can make this deal more attractive to Charlie b y explaining that the restaurant will save about 30% per patty. Work out a deal with the vendor that if they are not satisfied with the new patties within a certain time tack they would be able to cancel the contract and explain it to Charlie the risk is minimum. If the patties are as good case or founder than the patty they currently have, the sales would stay the same or get better with better quality patties.

Releasing Protected Health Information Essay Example for Free

Releasing Protected Health Information EssayWhen it comes to the handling of tolerants records and them being released, it is not an easy process. It is very important for each longanimous that opts to have their culture released for whatever reason sign a release form stating that they authorize their breeding being released. thither are times in which a patients records whoremaster be released without having their authorization. In this case, the records chiffonier be requested from government agencies, legal agencies or a representative, and a seek that may subpoena a medical profession for this information. Every person that becomes a patient in a wellness care facility is protected by something called HIPAA. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) is a federal jurisprudence passed by Congress that amended the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to improve portability and continuity of health policy coverage in the group and individual mark ets, to combat waste, fraud, and abuse in health insurance and health care delivery, to promote the use of medical savings accounts, to improve access to long-term care work and coverage, to simplify the administration of health insurance, and for other purposes, according to Essential of Healthcare Management (2011). HIPAA is a set(p) of rules that address the use of solitude and confidentiality of an individuals health records. Any facility that practices with the care of a patient is subject to the privacy rule of HIPAA.The covered entities would be considered privacy and disclosure of information as protected health information. The covered entity is required to obtain an individuals authorization prior to disclosing both health information. Every patient when seen by a healthcare professional is made aware of their rights to how they need their medical information to be used. The reason for this is to keep patients information private and protected.What it does allow is so me information to be adequate to be transferred with the patient from physician to physician so that they the physician can lie with something active the patient to help them in the best way that they can. There are different dowery by which agencies or covered entities have the right or legal engagement to access or obtain Patients Healthcare Information (PHI). PHI is under the HIPAA that gives the privacy regulation the privacy that should stop between the patient and doctor. Under some circumstances the government has the right or legal obligation to a patients medical records. Any health care selective information for analysis in support of policy, planning, regulatory or management functions, it is permitted to disclose information to other government agencies for health selective information systems (according to http//www.ncdhhs.gov/healthit/ metamorphose/NCLaws_alignment.pdf). Any non-covered government entities may only maintain a limited amount of data sets of inform ation.This is so that the identifiers (name, address and Social Security numbers) can be removed before the government self-confidence receives them. When files are usually authorized to the law officials, it may be because the person can be a victim of domestic violence to a government situation, abuse, and neglect. In a case like the patient is informed that their information has been released unless the health facility believes that a serious harm will occur or the person may portray to themselves. Researchers may need to use files without being authorized to do so if they need to find a treatment for the person. Trying to receive the approval from a patient can be time consuming by which can getting a glimpse at the files and offset the job is oftentimes easier. I believe that no matter what kind of storage that is placed on medical records, it is secured and should be assessable when needed. Law official/ researchers are able to subpoena records due to research or something .I believe that they should be authorized to obtain records without a patients authority depending on the case. I believe that having records subpoena should go by a base-to-base case. I believe that privacy safeguards are adequate to support the law agencies, researchers, and government agencies of having them be able to obtain information about a patient even without their consent. I believe that in the long run, it makes it easier for some of these agencies to be able to do their job without any interruptions and debater. Before starting this class, I did not know as much as I do now. I believe that the HIPAA lawis something that protects patients from their PHI being exposed to the wrong people. It is something that is enceinte that is in placeReferencesGreen, M. A., Bowie, M. J. (2011). Essentials of Health Information Management (2nd ed.). Clifton Park, NY Delmar, Cengage Learning. Legal Requirements for Consent to Disclose Patient Information. (2010). Retrieved from http//w ww.ncdhhs.gov/healthit/exchange/NCLaws_alignment.pdf U.S. Department Health Human Services. (2013). Retrieved from http//ww

Jet Airways Essay Example for Free

kibibyte breedways EssayN besh Goyal, who already owned natural springAir (Private) check (which yieldd sales and marketing for foreign flight paths in India) took advant long time of this opportunity by setting up potassium Airways as a fullservice scheduled phone lineline that would give competition to state-owned Indian Airlines. Indian Airlines had enjoyed a monopoly in the domestic market between 1953, when all major Indian air transport providers were nationalised under the Air Corporations Act (1953), and January 1994, when the Air Corporations Act was repealed, future(a) which Jet Airways received scheduled airline status. Jet Airways 45 destinations include most of the big cities in India. International destinations include Kathmandu, capital of Sri Lanka, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Londons Heathrow Airport, Bangkok, Brussels and Newark. Jet Airways was the first one-on-one airline in India to fly to international destinations. It started international operations in March 2004 between Chennai and Colombo after it had been cleared by the Government of India to operate scheduled services to international destinations. MACRO environs FACTORS Economic Economic environment of India and world affects the airline diligence to a great extent.Factors like fluctuations in global fuel prices, exchange rates, s belittleddown etc have varying impact on the way Jet Airways has been operating in this sector. One of the most important aspect that has greatly affected the worlds transportation trunk is the high fuel price. Besides high taxes, jet fuel prices have become costlier than crude vegetable oil prices which have greatly affected the bottom-line for many airlines including Jet Airways. State taxes on ATF available through organization advancencies vary between 4% and 30%, making the fuel 30% to 50% costlier than the global average.In Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, West Bengal, Maharashtra and Himachal Pradesh the cess is 25% or higher(prenominal)(prenominal). The three listed airline companies Jet Airways, Kingfisher and SpiceJet all of which reported losings in the quarter ending December 2011, blamed rising ATF cost for their bad financial performance. In February 2012, the Centre gave a nod to direct import of ATF on a case-to-case basis But at once airlines start importing ATF, traffic at the nations congested ports is likely to increase, making matters worse for exporters and importers.Airlines volition to a fault have to factor in the cost of transporting ATF from the various ports in the country to airports around the country, more or lessthing which could eventually slip away to increase in the ATF cost. Jet Airways in its financial report has also indicated the breathing outes that it has incurred due to rupee depreciation. It has been reported that revenue from exceptional items decreased by 61% from Rs. 18,919 lakhs in fiscal 2011 to Rs. 7,319 lakhs in Fiscal 2012 mainly on acc ount of depreciation of the Rupee against the Dollar in the current year.Even in the past Jet Airways has experienced slowdown because of global recession. In 2008 during recession, Jet Airways was forced to dis take place the following routes AhmedabadLondon, AmritsarLondon, BangaloreBrussels and MumbaiShanghai San Francisco. It also had to put an indefinite delay on its expansion plans. Naresh Goyal, Jet Airways doer is unable to put in more funds via his holding company due to FDI restrictions. He holds 80% in Jet Airways through Tailwinds. He claims NRI status, where 100% ownership is allowed.However, Goyals investment is via Tailwinds, which is considered FDI by the Indian government. Tailwinds is registered in the Isle of Man. In India, only 49% FDI investment is permissible in air travel. Airline wrinkle is a complicated one and only airlines would be interested in investing domestic carriers. The government is looking at allowing foreign airlines to invest in domestic car riers that there would be no change in FDI cap of 49%. In this 49%, currently foreign airlines are non allowed to participate. So if this change happens then there would be inflow of funds from foreign airlines.The announcement of ECB (External mercenary Borrowing) with a limit $1 billion in the Budget 2012 will also give some relief to debt ridden airline companies. Shareholding Naresh Goyal 80% FII 6. 7% DII 7% Public hold 6. 3% Social The spikelet of the airline industry is raft. Individuals in the management, technical and crew are responsible for undertaking the task of fortune their customers with utmost care and excellence. These individuals are trained and tailored to the industrys needs before they are allowed to work. They need to ensure certain standards of service and technical intimacy designed to satisfy the customers.For this reason the players invest millions of dollars to improve the knowledge of their workers. Jet Airways plans to set up a marketing services firm and launch an aviation bringing up academy, with a total investment of Rs 1 crore. The proposal is, however, subjugateed to regulatory approvals, including those from the Foreign Investment Promotion panel and the Reserve Bank of India. The proposed academy would be based in Mumbai and glumer certificate courses in in-flight services, fine reservation and check-in services, according to a brochure brought out for the institute.Operations in the northeast are guided by the governments Route Dispersal Guidelines (RDG) which entails that all Indian carriers fly to the northeast and other away parts of the country, more so as a social obligation. After posting a loss of Rs 298 crore in the last quarter, Jet Airways has sought government clearance to scale down its flights to the northeastern role by about half to stem the losses. Technological Technological factors in macroenvironment are the most prominent forces in changing the market place. They help the business to cre ate new products and harness new opportunities.Jet Airways makes strategic use of the latest technology to interact with passengers at a global level. Its significant carriage on social media platforms like Facebook, chirrup, LinkedIn, YouTube and Flickr ensures increase in awareness and reach of the company brand. The companys growth on the social media net working platform has been noteworthy registering an exponential increase in the number of followers and fans on Twitter and Facebook. In the coming year, the Company aims to introduce state-of-the-art busy applications for Android, iPhone, BlackBerry and Windows mobile phones.These applications will provide passengers with a convenient and seamless option to book tickets, check-in, access their JetPrivilege account etc. using their mobile phones. Additionally, the Company incourses to commence the use of 2D Mobile Bar-coded boarding passes for guests who have checked-in for their flights, thus providing a paperless die experi ence. Political In India, one can never over-look the political factors which influence each and e real industry existing in the country. Like it or not, the political interference has to be present everywhere.Given under are a few of the political factors with respect to the airline industry The airline industry is very susceptible to changes in the political environment. One instance of Government Policy resulting in great disbelief is the fact that the Indian Government has not allowed foreign airlines to participate in FDI in aviation as yet. So the airline industry, which is currently facing draught of funds can still not have a bun in the oven foreign players to chip in. International airlines are greatly affected by trade relations that their country has with others.Unless governments of the two countries trade with each other, there could be restrictions of flying into particular area leading to a loss of potential air traffic (e. g. Pakistan India) Political factors can also affect the day-to-day working of the airline industry. For instance, in 2009, Jet Airways announced plans to lay-off 1800 employees that were undergoing probation with the Company. What happened was a PR disaster for the Airline. First the laid off employees suddenly became socialist in their approach and later went a step further managing to politicize the all told matter by seeking support from MNSs Raj Thackeray.Other parties and sundry ministers then followed the suit and jumped into the bandwagon, until the Jet oversight had to revert the decision and ask laid off employees to join the duty back. Legal and Regulatory in operation(p) in a cross border network of alliances and partnerships, multinational companies like Jet airways are subject to international and national regulations in terms of assignment of routes and destinations international aviation regulations partners legal standing as well as local integritys.These constraints not only leave little room for air lines to operate but are also the sources for its highly efficient value chain. Another aspect is industrial relations. Personnel in the airlines industry from pilots to cabin crew to technicians everyone work in the capacity and provisions given by the laws familiar globally. For this reason, everyone is cognizant of their rights to legal aid if required. Since most of the airline personnel in the world have associations and unions they tend to have an upper hand over management.The management therefore has to comply with their demands if it is within the capacity of the law Not only is this but the airlines also subject to strict rubber, hygiene and efficient regulations. Airlines that do not deliver services according to international standards do not only lose out in the competition but are also subjected to aviation penalties. The principal regulatory authority that regulates the civil aviation sector in India is the Director General of Civil Aviation, or DGCA. To operate sch eduled services in India, an airline requires an operating permit from the DGCA.This permit is required to be renewed on a year-to-year basis. An airline incorporated in India and operating scheduled services is also required to register all its aircraft with the DGCA, besides and except aircraft which are wet leased. On July 10 2012 aviation regulator E K Bharat Bhushan was unawares removed from his key position in the backdrop of his tough stance against debt-ridden Kingfisher Airlines over its failure to deport salaries to its employees. Newly-appointed chief of the Directorate-General of Civil Aviation Prashant Sukul on 13th July 2012 asked all airlines to strictly adhere to prescribed safety standards.Demographics Indian aviation industry promises huge growth potential due to large and growing diaphragm class population, favorable demographics, rapid economic growth, higher disposable incomes, rising aspirations of the middle class, and overall low penetration levels (less than 3%). Few prominent factors we need to look at from demographics perspective Working age population India is blessed with a young and growing population. India has amongst the best demographic ratio globally and this would continue to improve over next three to four decades.As compared to children and gray, a relatively higher piece of the earning population travels by air to save working hours and for business. The rising proportion of people of working age also implies higher disposable income as pressure on household for the needs of dependent children elderly comes down. Both the above factors along with a growing working age population would lead to higher demand for air travel. Exploding Middle Class McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) predicts that the Indias middle class will reach 583 million from the current 50 million by 2025.With this exploding middle class the demand for air travel is bound to go up in a unidirectional way. Nuclear families increase increase VFR (Vi siting Friends and Relatives) Travel The traditional joint-family system in India is rapidly breaking up. With increasing expenses and with more people migrating to cities for work, people are increasingly opting for nuclear and small families. This trend of smaller families has also bought a change to their lifestyles, with friends relatives visit more frequently and families taking more vacations implying greater frequency of travel.Air travel is finding a growing proportion of this additional travel, with smaller families making air travel for the entire family more affordable. change magnitude Employment Growing employment means higher disposable income, more business travel and higher opportunity cost of travel time. All these contribute to higher demand for air travel. Increasing unfilled Travel Tourism accounts only for 2. 5% of Indias GDP, versus 6% in Asia Pacific and 5. 3% in China. However this ratio is fast changing with India emerging amongst the fast growing touris m destinations in the world.