Born-Haber Process Lab

Chemistry Lab Habers Process (A Computer Simulation) Cherno Okafor Mr. Huang SCH4U7 October 8th, 2012 Introduction The Haber butt is the process by which ammonium hydroxide water (NH3) is elevated. The equation for this reaction is The symbol shown in the middle means it is a reversible reaction so the product seat decompose cover charge into the reactants. Therefore, optimum conditions must be selected to get the greatest number. When the forrader and retracted reactions are the same, it is said to be in a state of high-octane vestibular sense.The position of this dynamic counterweight can be moved forward by changing the conditions the reaction is d unmatch able-bodied in. This fol small(a)s Le Chateliers commandment which says changes to a system in symmetricalness leave behind move it in an opposite direction. Condition (Dependent Variables) Effect (Independent Variables)- give back, Equilibrium Time, Net Profit ram Increasing this will improve the provide becaus e the forward reaction reduces bosom. However, place up the pressure in addition far is impractical and becomes besides pricey. Temperature A high yield can be obtained by using a unhopeful temperature since the forward reaction unwraps heat, but this also will affect the reaction long-playing, and less pelfable. Catalyst The Haber process makes use of particle accelerators like iron, tungsten, and platinum to speed up the reaction, however this does non improve the yield. Note The conditions of the Haber process must be finely balanced to reach a conclave of highest yield and fastest reaction, this is actually important because getting this right will make sure this industrial process is as profitable as manageable.Data Collection and Processing (Raw Data) Variables Results (No Catalyst) Results (No Catalyst) Results (No Catalyst) Results (No Catalyst) Results (No Catalyst) Temperature (C) 658 660 663 677 680 Pressure (Atm. ) 464 482 510 658 694 Time to Equilib rate (Min) 10. 16 10. 17 10. 17 10. 15 10. 15 Yield (%) 15. 8 16. 3 17. 1 21. 2 22. 2 Amount ($) per day 36,454. 36 36,413. 56 36,380. 36 36, 361. 71 36,321. 0 RESULTS * After this first trial using no catalysts, it is evident that the equilibrium time is extremely slow and unfortunately, only becomes a small yield yet with a large keep down of dinero profit per day. * A nonher thing was the temperature. The net profit and yield seemed to be at its highest when the temperatures were set at around the 600-700C range. With an extremely low temperature though, the time to equilibrate was close to a million historic period, so temperature had to be tied(p)handedly high * In terms of the pressure, it had to be between the 400-700 Atm. ange (not too high so that it would yield a high cost and not too low so that it would yield a low role and net profit) but just in the middle * I wanted to find balance in my profit and yield, so with no catalyst, I arrangeed the bars so that t he temperature value was fairly close to the pressure value and the results were a greater net profit, with a reasonable equilibrium time of reaction Variables Results (With beseech Catalyst) Results (With compact Catalyst) Results (With Iron Catalyst) Results (With Iron Catalyst) Results (With Iron Catalyst) Temperature (C) 468 475 472 473 479 Pressure (Atm. 721 881 809 832 989 Time to Equilibrate (Min) 10. 18 10. 16 10. 17 10. 16 10. 18 Yield (%) 58. 8 63. 9 61. 7 62. 4 66. 9 Amount ($) per day 33, 793. 48 33, 909. 39 33, 805. 15 33,893. 81 33, 753. 80 RESULTS * After this second trial, I used the catalyst of iron. Iron was by far the most profitable catalyst to use as it was not that expensive as the others ( atomic number 74 and Platinum), and it produced a high yield with a somewhat high amount as well * In terms of the temperature, it was a in truth typical 400-500C range which is also a very(prenominal) high temperature and the yield of ammonium hydroxide would be high and my net profit as well. For pressure, I increased its value to the 700-900atm range and this in connexion with my high temperature range produced the best results as I produced high yields from 50-70% with the contract same time frame it took for the non-catalyst reaction to equilibrate * So evidently with the addition of the iron catalyst, I did not submit to take ofttimes or less time for the equilibrium reaction to take place, I instead produced a higher yield of ammonia with a fairly large net profit, which was my goal in the first place Variables Results (With Tungsten Catalyst) Results (With Tungsten Catalyst) Temperature (C) 429 435Pressure (Atm. ) 346 418 Time to Equilibrate (Min) 10. 46 10. 16 Yield (%) 50. 4 49. 9 Amount ($) per day 19, 506. 24 19, 495. 86 RESULTS * Finally, for this snuff it third trial, I used Tungsten catalyst. This Tungsten catalyst was not as efficient as the iron catalyst, and it also cost more than(prenominal). * In terms of temper ature, the 400-450C range which was average because increasing the temperature would have created more economic problems such as higher costs of energy/production, etc. With iron, it was fairly easy to play around with the temperature, but for Tungsten it was more challenging. I also had to lower the pressures, but not too low so that the equilibrium time would be slow, but not too high either so that I would be losing a crew of profit because of the economic costs * As a result, this adjustments yielded only a little less than what I yielded with iron, however still a fairly high yield. The only decrease was in the net profit, because of the expenses of Tungsten. * The Temperature-Equilibrium Considerations * One must shift the position of the equilibrium as far as doable to the right in order to produce the maximum possible amount of ammonia in the equilibrium concoction.The forward reaction of the production of ammonia is exothermic. Therefore according to Le Chateliers Princ iple, this will be favoured if one lowers the temperature. The system will respond by moving the position of equilibrium to counteract this-producing more heat. In order to get as much ammonia as possible in the equilibrium mixture, one postulate as low a temperature as possible. * The Temperature-Rate Considerations * The lower the temperature one uses, the slower the reaction becomes. In this case though as a manufacturer, I am trying to produce as much ammonia as possible per day.It makes no sense to try and achieve an equilibrium mixture which contains a very high proportion of ammonia if it takes several years for the reaction to reach that equilibrium. Therefore, one needs the triggermanes to reach equilibrium inwardly the very short time that they will be in encounter with the catalyst (or without) in the reactor. * During my experiment lab, I noticed that the temperature range of 400-700C is a compromise temperature, producing a reasonably high proportion of ammonia in t he equilibrium mixture, but also in a very short time. * The Pressure-Equilibrium ConsiderationsThere are only 4 molecules on the left side of the equation, but only 2 on the right. According to Le Chateliers Principle, if you increase the pressure the system will respond by favouring the reaction which produces fewer molecules. That will cause the pressure to fall once once again. In order to get as much ammonia as possible in the equilibrium mixture, one needs as high a pressure as possible. * The Pressure-Rate Considerations * Increasing the pressure brings the molecules closer together. In this finical instance, it will increase their chances of hitting and sticking to the surface of the catalyst where they can react.The higher the pressure, the better in terms of the rate of a gas reaction. * Economic Considerations * Very high pressures are extremely expensive to produce on two accounts * One has to build extremely strong pipes to carry the very high pressure. * Also, hig h pressures cost a lot to produce and even maintain. That means that the running costs of your manufacture are very high for you. * During my lab, I noticed that 200 atm is a reasonable choice of pressure. If the pressure used is too high however, the cost of generating it excels the monetary value you can get for the extra ammonia produced. The Catalyst-Equilibrium Considerations * The Catalyst actually has no affect whatsoever on the position of the equilibrium. Adding a catalyst does not produce any greater percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture. Its only function is to speed up the reaction. * The Catalyst-Rate Considerations * In the absence of a catalyst, the reaction is so slow that virtually no reaction happens in any sensible time. The catalyst ensures that the reaction is fast enough for a dynamic equilibrium to be set up within the very short time that the gases are actually in the reactor.Conclusion To sum up, the neutral of this computer simulation lab was t o produce a high yield of ammonia with as high a net profit as possible, while considering the economic factors such as energy cost, and production cost, and even catalyst costs. It turned out that I was prohibited from using platinum as a catalyst because it was too expensive. Out of the remaining catalysts Iron, and Tungsten, Iron was the most efficient and profitable one as it is less expensive and yielded a great amount of ammonia while I was able to make a large profit as well.The Tungsten catalyst did yield a fairly high amount of ammonia, however not a very high net profit was made from it and this is again due to the economic implications of energy and production as mentioned. When I did not use any catalysts, the problem was that the time to equilibrate the reactions was atrocious, and very slow. With the criteria highest yield and fastest reaction in mind, the most optimal combination to produce ammonia was the 400-500C (479C) temperature range, with the 900-1000 Atm range (989atm). and along with the iron catalyst produced 66. % of ammonia, and at least $33, 000 in net profit. I chose this result as the best one because of the balance of the dependent variables of time, yield, and net profit. I could not find my way up to at least $34, 000 or supra in net profit with the iron catalyst. I only managed to exceed that profit when I did not use any catalysts, but again the reaction time is way too slow and hence senseless. I probably could have kept on going to gradually adjust the temperature and pressure one by one to look for an even higher yield and net profit, but time is an issue and I would have to sit for a long time doing this.